AP Gov Chapter 3 Vocab

Ch 3

federalism

the sharing of power between the national government and the states
(vertical division of power, ntl/state)

unitary government

a system where the central government has all the power over subnational governments

enumerated or expressed powers

authority specifically granted to a branch of the government in the Constitution

implied powers

authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers; powers not granted specifically to the national government but considered necessary to carry out the enumerated powers

supremacy clause

Constitutional provision declaring that the Constitution and all national laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land

reserved powers

powers not given to the national government, which are retained by the states and the people

concurrent powers

powers granted to both states and the federal government in the Constitution

full faith and credit clause

constitutional clause requiring states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state

extradition

the requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where the crime was committed

privileges and immunities clause

prevents states from discriminating against people from out of state

dual federalism

a form of American federalism in which the states and the nation operate independently in their own areas of public policy (Layer cake)

cooperative federalism

a form of American federalism in which the states and the national government work together to shape public policy (Marble Cake)

fiscal federalism

the federal government's use of grants-in-aid to influence policies in the states (Money Cake)

categorical grants

grants-in-aid provided to states with specific provisions on their use

block grant

a type of grant-in-aid that gives state officials more authority in the disbursement of federal funds

elastic clause

congress can pass all laws that are “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers

formula grants

based on a formula with factors, such as population and income

inherent powers

not stated explicitly, but held by national government because it is the national government

mandate

an authoritative command that requires a specific action/policy, often imposed by government (city or state)

project grants

specific projects with competitive applications (grant-writing)