Chapter 9 AICE bio

The human gas exchange system links the circulatory system with the atmosphere what are the four adaptations that it has from this?

1. Clean and warm the air that enters during breathing

2. Maximize the surface area for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and atmosphere

3. Minimize the distance for this diffusion

4. Maintain adequate gradients for this diffusion

Multicellular organisms therefore usually have a specialized ___ ____________ ____________ where oxygen from the external environment can diffuse into the body and carbon dioxide can diffuse out

Gas exchange surface

In humans, the gas exchange surface is the ________

Alveoli

Knowing that the alveoli creates a large surface area, how does this benefit an adult?

It allows a large number of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to diffuse through the surface at any moment to give a high rate of gas exchange.

The lungs are in the _______ ______ surrounded by the _______ _________.

thoracic chest, pleural membranes

Leading from the throat to the lungs is the ______.

Trachea

At the base of the trachea are two ______, which subdivided and branch extensively to form a bronchial tree in each long

bronchi

Each bronchus divides many times to form smaller bronchioles. Terminal bronchioles divide to form even narrower respiratory bronchioles that supply the ______ with air.

Alveoli

_________ in the trachea and bronchi keeps these airways open and air resistance low, and prevents them from collapsing or bursting as the air pressure changes breathing.

Cartilage

In the trachea, what are the arrangements of the cartilage? in the bronchi?

There is an arrangement of C shaped rings; there are irregular blocks of cartilage.

Bronchioles are surrounded by ________ ________, which can contract or relax to adjust the diameter of these tiny airways.

smooth muscle

There are no ________ in the bronchioles which allow for the muscle to relax when doing exercise for a greater flow of air to the alveoli.

Cartilage

As air flows through the nose and the trachea, it is warmed to body temperature and moistened by ________ from the lining, allowing for the protection of the delicate surface inside the lungs.

evaporation

Particles that try to get into the lungs are captured by the hairs inside your _______ and the ______ lining the nasal passages and other airways.

Nose, mucus

In the trachea and bronchi, the mucus is produced by the _______ _____ of the ciliated epithelium.

Goblet cells

Each goblet cell is swollen with _____ droplets which have been secreted by the cell.

mucin

What is mucin composed of?

Of glycoproteins with many carbohydrates chains that make them sticky and able trap inhaled particles

The rest of the goblet cells, contain a _______, which is quite slender like the stem of a goblet.

nucleus

Mucus is made by _________ ________ beneath

the epithelium

Mucous glands

What are the two chemical pollutants that can dissolve in mucus to form an acidic solution that irritates the lining of the airways?

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

Between the goblet cells are the _______ cells

Ciliated

The continual beating of their cilia carries the carpet of mucus upwards towards the ________.

Larynx

Why is the mucus swallowed after it has reached the top of the trachea?

For it to go to the stomach and allow for the pathogens to be destroyed by the acids in your stomach.

Phagocytic white blood cells known as _________ patrol the surfaces of the airways scavenging small particles such as bacteria and fine dust particles.

Macrophages

Out of all the airways what are the two that are the sight of gas exchange?

Alveolar duct and alveoli

The terminal bronchial has what two components?

Smooth muscle and cilia

What is the only component that the respiratory bronchiole has and yet there is very little of?

Cilia

At the end of the pathway between the atmosphere and the bloodstream are the ________.

alveoli

Alveolar walls contain ______ _____ which stretch during inspiration and recoil during expiration to help force out air

Elastic fibers

When the alveoli are fully expanded during exercise, the service area available for _________ ________, and the air is expelled efficiently when the elastic fibers recoil.

diffusion increases

What is alveoli made of?

Squamous epithelial

Alveoli are right next to ________ ___________, which allow for oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to diffuse quickly between the air and the blood because the distance is very small.

blood capillaries

Explain the process of how oxygen is brought into the blood through the alveoli.

Pg 190 2nd paragraph