Functional Anatomy of Exercise

eccentric muscle action

a muscle action where the muscle lengthens because the contractile force is less than the resistive force

concentric muscle action

a muscle action in which the muscle shortens because the contractile force is greater than a resistive force

isometric muscle action

a muscle action in which the muscle length does not change because the contractile force is equal to resistive force

Bi-articulate muscles

Crosses 2 joints, often causing flexion of one and extension of other

Uni-lateral

Doing exercise focusing on one side of body (ex: one leg)

Bi-lateral

Doing exercise focusing on two sides of body (ex: 2 leg)

Open-chain

the distal end of a limb (hand or foot) are free to move during exercise

Closed-chain

the distal end of a limb (hand or foot) is fixed in place during exercise

Biceps Origin

Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula, coracoid process of scapula, humerus (shoulder)

Biceps Insertion

Radius or ulna tuberosity (elbow/forearm)

Primary Function of Biceps

Flexion at elbow

Secondary function of Biceps

Supination at elbow, flexion at shoulder

Bi-articulate point of Biceps

Biceps Brachii Long Head

Biceps Plane of Movement

Sagittal

Triceps Origin

Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, humerus (shoulder)

Triceps Insertion

Olecranon of ulna (elbow)

Triceps Plane of Movement

Sagittal

Triceps Function

Extension of forearm at the elbow

Anterior Deltoid Origin

Lateral 2/3 of clavicle

Anterior Deltoid Insertion

Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

Primary function of Anterior Deltoid

Flexion at shoulder - deltoid is shoulder abduction

Secondary function of Anterior Deltoid

Abduction and internal rotation of the shoulder

Anterior Deltoid Plane of Movement

Sagittal (shoulder abduction is frontal)

Pectoralis Major Origin

Sternum and Clavicle

Pectoralis Major Insertion

Humerus

Primary function of Pectoralis Major

Horizontal adduction of shoulder

Secondary function of Pectoralis Major

Internal rotation and flexion at the shoulder

Pectoralis Major Plane of Movement

Transverse

Push-up (wide)

Abdominals Origin

Pubis bone, inguinal line, and anterior iliac crest (pelvis)

Abdominals Insertion

Xiphoid process of sternum, ribs

Rectus Abdominis Function

Trunk Flexion

Internal and External Oblique Function

Trunk rotation

Transverse Abdominis Function

Stabilizing torso and pelvis, valsalva maneuver

Abdominals Plane of Movement

Sagitall, frontal, and transverse

Elbow-plank

Anti-extension

Russian twist

Trunk rotation

Rhomboid Origin

Spinous process of T2-T5 vertebra

Rhomboid Insertion

Medial border of the scapula

Primary function of Rhomboid

Scapular retraction

Secondary function of Rhomboid

Elevate and rotate the scapula

Rhomboid Plane of Movement

Transverse

Posterior Deltoid Origin

Spine of Scapula

Posterior Deltoid Insertion

Deltoid Tuberosity of the humerus

Primary function of Posterior Deltoid

Shoulder extension (w/Latissimus Dorsi)

Secondary Function of Posterior Deltoid

External Rotation and horizontal abduction at the shoulder

Posterior Deltoid Plane of Movement

Sagittal (secondary: frontal, transverse)

Latissimus Dorsi Origin

Ilium, spinous process, ribs, inferior angle of scapula

Latissimus Dorsi Insertion

Humerus

Primary function of Latissimus Dorsi

Shoulder adduction

Secondary function of Latissimus Dorsi

Shoulder extension

Latissimus Dorsi Plane of Movement

Frontal (shoulder adduction)

Pull-up

Concentric

Lat Pull-Down

Isometric

Erector Spinae Origin

Pelvic, vertebral and rib bones in lower to mid back

Erector Spinae Insertion

Vertebral and rib bones located higher up in back and neck

Primary function of Erector Spinae

Trunk extension (bilateral)

Secondary function of Erector Spinae

Lateral flexion of spine (unilateral), posture

Erector Spinae Plane of Movement

Sagittal (secondary - frontal)

Erector Spinae Muscles

Spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

What sport requires powerful concentric contraction of shoulder extensors?

1. Shot Putt

2. Freestyle Swimming

3. Bob Sledding

Shot Putt

Calve Muscles

Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Calves Origin

Lateral and medial femoral condyle, tibia and fibula

Calves Insertion

Calcaneus

Primary function of Calves

Ankle plantar flexion

Secondary function of Calves

Stabilization of knee/flexion of the knee

Bi-articulate muscle of the calves

Gastrocnemius (knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion)

Quadriceps Muscles

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

Quadriceps Origin

Femur, anterior inferior iliac spine/ilium of pelvis

Quadriceps Insertion

Tibial tuberosity via patella/quad tendon

Primary function of Quadriceps

Extension of the knee

Secondary function of Quadriceps

Flexion of the hip (psoas is primary hip flexor)

Bi-articulate muscle of Quadriceps

Rectus femoris (knee extension and hip flexion)

Quadriceps Plane of Movement

Sagittal

Hamstring Muscles

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris

Hamstrings Origin

Ischial tuberosity of pelvis

Hamstrings Insertion

Medial condyle of tibia, lateral head of fibula

Primary function of hamstrings

Knee flexion

Secondary function of hamstrings

Hip extension, tibia stabilization/rotation

Hamstrings Bi-articulate muscle(s)

biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Hamstrings Plane of Movement

Sagittal

Gluteus Maximus Origin

Gluteal surface of Ilium and posterior inferior surface of sacrum and coccyx

Gluteus Maximus Insertion

Greater trochanter of femur, gluteal tuberosity of femur, and iliotibial tract (IT band)

Gluteus Maximus Function

Hip extension

Gluteus Maximus Plane of Movement

Sagittal (extension)

Hip Abductor Muscles

Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus

Hip Abductor Origin

Gluteal surface of ilium

Hip Abductor Insertion

Anterior and lateral surface of greater trochanter

Primary Hip Abductor Function

Hip Abduction

Secondary Hip Abductor Function

Hip internal rotation (anterior fibers), Hip
external rotation (posterior fibers), stabilization of pelvis

Hip Abductor Plane of Movement

Frontal

Hip Adductor Muscles

Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Magnus, Gracilis

Hip Adductor Origin

Pubis and ischium

Hip Adductor Insertion

Mainly medial and posterior surface of femur

Primary function of Hip Adductors

Hip Adduction

Secondary Function of Hip Adductors

Stabilization of pelvis, hip extension (adductor magnus)

Bi-articulate Hip Adductor

Gracilis (crosses hip and knee)

Hip Adductors Plane of Movement

Frontal