Unit 2 - Cell Biology, Histology, and Microscopy

Cell Organelles

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton, Phospholipid Bilayer

Nucleus

stores cell’s genetic information (DNA) and acts as the cell’s control center by directing cell activities.

The Nucleus plays a role in the replication of what?

DNA

Mitochondria

creates energy for the cell through cellular respiration in the form of ATP

What does the mitochondria contain that is it’s own form of DNA needed for energy production?

mtDNA

What is the mitochondria sometimes called?

the “powerhouse of the cell”

Ribosomes

create proteins within the cell

What do ribosomes read that is sent from the nucleus that’s used for protein synthesis?

mRNA

What are proteins made up of?

Amino acids

Golgi Apparatus

sorts proteins and lipids and prepares them to be sent to locations inside/outside the cell

What does the golgi apparatus do with the proteins?

It receives the proteins after being processed by the endoplasmic reticulum

2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough and smooth, depends on ribosomes

Rough ER

covered in ribosomes and plays a role in protein synthesis

What do the ribosomes do in the rough ER

create proteins for amino acids

What does the Rough ER do to the proteins?

folds and modifies proteins to finalize them before being sent to the Golgi Apparatus

Smooth ER

not covered in ribosomes and produces lipids for the cell, including phospholipids

Where does the Smooth ER create hormones for?

endocrine glands and the liver

Cytoplasm

gel-like insides of the cell where most organelles can be located and is responsible for maintaining cell shape. Also the location for essential chemical reactions for the cell.

Cytoskeleton

strands of protein fibers that aid in maintaining shape and structure, but also movement of materials in the cell.

Microtubules

protein fibers needed for cell replication and division

Phospholipid Bilayer

Creates the barrier that separates the inside from the outside of the cell.

Why is the phospholipid bilayer called the semipermeable membrane?

Because it resists what goes in or out of the cell

Is the head of the lipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic (water loving)

Is the tail of the lipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic (water fearing)

Animal Cell

contain all cell organelles we have covered so far

Plant cell

contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and cell walls

Are Prokaryotic cells large/more complex or smaller/less complex than Eukaryotic cells?

Smaller and less complex

Are Eukaryotic cells large/more complex or smaller/less complex than Prokaryotic cells?

larger and more complex

Prokaryotic cells

Don’t have a membrane-bound nucleus, so the genetic material DNA is in the cytoplasm

Eukaryotic cells

has a membrane-bound nucleus to contain DNA

Compare Animal to Plant Cells

Animal cells have no cell wall, many small vacuoles, no chloroplasts, and contains centrioles and lysosomes. Plant cells have a cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and no centrioles or lysosomes.

How many nucleotide bases are there?

4

What are the 4 nucleotide bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

RNA

used to replicate DNA with 4 nucleotides

What are the 4 nucleotides of RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

What is DNA “A” to RNA?

U

What is DNA “G” to RNA?

C

What is DNA “C” to RNA?

G

What is DNA “T” to RNA?

A

Strands of RNA translate to what?

different amino acids

Codon

each set of three bases code for one codon or amino acid

Methionine

start codon that is what tells the ribosomes to start translating the RNA into amino acids, eventually into a protein

STOP Codon

UAA, UAG, UGA

What do Stop codons do?

tells the ribosome to stop creating amino acids for the protein

Cell DNA Mutation

When the cell makes mistakes in translating, disrupting the correct amino acid sequence

Are all mutations bad?

No, some are either deadly to a cell or only cosmetic damage

What can make cell DNA mutations more common?

if DNA Is damaged by environmental factors, such as UV Radiation

Cancer cells

occur due to DNA mutations