PSYC 3030 Lucas Exam 3

When people who are 40 or older are asked to recall events in their lives, memory is best for events occurring between the ages of 10 and 30.

reminiscence bump

Memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self-image or life identity is being formed.

SELF-IMAGE HYPOTHESIS

Memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's _______ or _______ is being formed.

self-image or life identity

People assume more identities during _______ or _________.

adolescence and young adulthood

The self-image hypothesis links the reminiscence bump to the number of _________ which tend to co-occur with adopting new identities.

transitional events

Encoding is better during periods of rapid change followed by stability.

COGNITIVE HYPOTHESIS

Ages 10-30 there are more cognitive resources expending toward _________ _________ of the events

encoding memories

After age 30 there are not as many changes happening; stable. ________ and _______ of earlier memories

Rehearsal and consolidation

Schauf & Rubin (1998): Reminiscence bump is shifted in people who ________

emigrated in their 30's

Late emigration = less stability in 30's = later and smaller reminiscence bump

________ is a set of culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in the lifespan

Cultural life script

our cultural life script is most pronounced for when?

adolescence and early adulthood

Cultural life scripts may help us to _____________ from adolescence and early adulthood.

organize information in memory

Memories related to shocking, highly charged events

FLASHBULB MEMORIES

In a flashbulb memory, what is the memory actually of?

circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an event, NOT memories for the event itself

Brown & Kulik coined the term "flashbulb memory" while researching people's memories for the __________.

JFK assassination

Years after the event, people gave detailed and confident descriptions about what they were doing when they heard about the assassination.

What is the problem with studying flashbulb memories?

There's no way to verify them

________ is a technique in studying flashbulb memories that involves comparing later memories to memories collected immediately after the event

Repeated recall

What is the idea behind repeated recall?

that immediate memories will be the most accurate

What is the purpose of repeated recall?

Can see if/how memories of the event change over time

Although flashbulb memories continue to feel as vivid as time passes, they do become less _________.

accurate

In flashbulb memories, more people say that they heard about it on TV 2.5 years after the event than immediately. Why?

they are remembering the TV coverage of the event after the fact instead of the event itself

What did Talarico & Rubin (2003) discover about flashbulb and regular memories?

Similar loss of detail over time for flashbulb and everyday memories

True or False?

people inaccurately believed that the accuracy of flashbulb memories remained high over time.

true

Lesson from research on flashbulb memories: The most ________ memories are NOT always the most accurate!

confident

How are flashbulb memories special?

people mistakenly think they are very accurate.

Why the overconfidence in accuracy of flashbulb memories?

The __________ hypothesis says that tragic events (but not the context in which you learned about them) are rehearsed, replayed on TV, etc., creating an illusion of a vivid memory

narrative rehearsal

Why the overconfidence in accuracy of flashbulb memories?

Evidence that _________ can increase subjective belief in memory accuracy.

emotion

________ information is generally better remembered than ________ information.

Emotional; neutral

The ________ is the brain region linked to emotion with strong structural connections to the ________.

amygdala; hippocampus

Damage to the amygdala means no memory advantage for ___________ materials

emotionally salient

Stress hormones (cortisol) released after encoding enhance memory ____________

consolidation

But, only for emotionally arousing information

Cahill et al (2003) had participants view emotional and neutral images and then either dip their hands in ice water or dip them in warm water, why?

ice water caused the release of cortisol

Cahill et al (2003) found that stress hormones (cortisol) released after encoding enhance memory consolidation, but only for ________ information.

emotionally arousing

True or False?

Emotion enhances memory for all information

False

________ is the tendency to direct attention on a weapon during the commission of a crime and not remember other details of the crime scene

Weapon focus

Clear memory for an event itself might lead to overconfidence in memories about __________.

what you were doing when you heard

________ is what actually happens + person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations

Memory

Memories are not just "retrieved" they are _________.

reconstructed

In Barlett's experiment, memory for the story was constructed from at least two sources:

- Information from the original story

- Information from background knowledge about the world as they understood it, and what had happened other stories they'd heard

A _________ error is when you misidentify a source of memory

source monitoring

Source monitoring errors are also called __________.

source misattributions

Research on flashbulb memories for national tragedies like 9/11/01 suggests that:

A. They tend to be extremely accurate even after time has passed.

B. Rememberers tend to be highly confident in the accuracy of these memories even after time has passed.

C. They almost always occur between the ages of 10 and 30

D. Unlike other memories, they tend to get more accurate as time passes.

E. They are usually implicit memories.

B. Rememberers tend to be highly confident in the accuracy of these memories even after time has passed.

According to the self-image hypothesis, the "reminiscence bump" is a result of:

A. people assuming many new identities in adolescence and early adulthood.

B. people assuming many new identities in middle age and older adulthood.

C. the fact that the ages of 10-30 tend to be associated with lots of change, followed by relative stability.

D. the fact that the ages of 35-55 tend to be associated with lots of change, followed by relative stability.

A. people assuming many new identities in adolescence and early adulthood.

Which is NOT true about the effects of emotion on memory?

A. The amygdala plays an important role in enhancing memory for emotional information.

B. Stress hormones have been linked to better memory consolidation.

C. Emotion primarily enhances memory for things that happen during childhood.

D. Emotion enhances memory for emotionally arousing material, but not neutral material that is present at the same time.

C. Emotion primarily enhances memory for things that happen during childhood.

_________ is when previously-stored memories are mistaken for original creations

Cryptomnesia

When a stimulus seems familiar, misattribution errors can involve erroneous assumptions about _________.

why that thing feels familiar

Misattributions of familiarity are similar to the ________, in which a statement "feels" more credible and true simply because you've heard the statement before.

propaganda effect

The "Famous Overnight" experiment supported what?

source misattribution errors

Participants did not mistake names on the list for famous names if tested immediately., but 24 hours later they mistakenly judged some of the names to be famous.

True or false?

Unfamiliar names can be more prone to familiarity misattribution than common names

True

A ________ error is a mechanism by which stereotypes are reinforced without the target of the stereotypes doing anything to reinforce them

stereotype congruent

Marsh et al.'s "Pat versus Chris" experiment tested what?

stereotype congruent errors

A ________ is knowledge about what typically appears in some aspect of the environment

scene schema

An _________ is knowledge about a sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience

event schema or script

Brewer & Treyens, (1981) experiment with waiting in the professors office and then asked to remember what was in it demonstrated that a _______ is used to reconstruct a memory.

scene schema

Bower et al, (1979) experiment suggested that participants had false recall of information that was __________, but not stated in the passage.

script-congruent

they remember typical things that happen in the doctors office instead of what exactly happened

Suggestibility shows that memories are susceptible to __________.

change after the fact

True or False?

How we are questioned about our memories changes the memory itself.

True

this is why the Reid technique in criminal interrogations sucks

The _________ hypothesis states that we may remember events like those that happened on 9/11 not because of a special mechanism but because we rehearse these events after they occur

narrative rehearsal

Schrauf & Rubin's research supported what hypothesis?

cognitive

The results of Schrauf & Rubin's research on emigrants indicated that:

the reminisence bump occurred at the normal age (40) for people who emigrated in their 20's but it was shifted to a later age for those who emigrated in their 30's

constructive nature of memory means that what people report as memories are constructed based on "__________

what actually happened plus additional factors, such as the person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

The _________ is misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later

misinformation effect

What role in distorting eyewitness testimoney is this?

suspect was seen in an innocent context by eyewitness; witness knows the person, doesn't know why, and assumes relation to the crime

familiarity misattribution

What role in distorting eyewitness testimony is this?

in a lineup, "Which one of these men did you see?" implies the perpetrator is definitely in the lineup, so they pick who looks most familiar

memory suggestibility

What role in distorting eyewitness testimony is this?

increase in witness' confidence due to confirming feedback after making an identification

post-identification feedback effect

Four "best practice" recommendations for constructing and administering police lineups are:

1. when asking a witness to pick from a lineup, warn that __________.

2. when constructing a lineup, use "fillers" who are _________.

3. when presenting a lineup, use _________ rather than _________ presentation

1. the perpetrator may not be on any particular lineup

2. similar to the suspect

3. sequential; simultaneous

In a lineup, warning that the perp may not be in the lineup reduces likelihood that witness will rely on _______

familiarity

In a lineup, __________ decreased correct identification from 71% to 58% and decreased incorrect identification from 70% to 31%

similarity

In a lineup, _________ lineups encourage relative judgements and independent comparisons of each person to contents of memory

simultaneous

need sequential

A ______ lineup is where the person conducting the lineup does not know who the suspect is

use a ___________ lineup administrator and get an immediate confidence rating from the witness

"blind"

The blind lineup reduces possibility of distortion from __________.

post-ID feedback

Four guiding principles of the cognitive interview:

1. reestablish the _________ within which the crime took place. This is _________.

context; encoding specificity

Four guiding principles of the cognitive interview:

2. let witness tell their story; ask _________ and encourage _______

open-ended questions; completeness

Four guiding principles of the cognitive interview:

3. ask witness to recount events in ________, starting from different locations or times; provide as many retrieval cues as possible, less reliance on inferences based on ________

different orders; scripts

Four guiding principles of the cognitive interview:

4. ask witness to try changing _______ and _______

perspectives and retelling

cognitive interview is an effective method of increasing the amount of correct information a witness recalls but its still vulnerable to _________

the power of suggestion

_______ neurons are neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else (usually the experimenter) carrying out an action and when the monkey itself carries out the action.

mirror

Mirror neurons are located in the ________, originally discovered in the monkey,

premotor cortex

True or false?

humans do not have mirror neurons

false

there is evidence of them in humans

_________ is the idea that things in a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways.

family resemblance

Unlike definitions that categorize things, the family resemblance approach allows for what?

some variation within a category

A _________ is a mental representation of the "ideal" or "typical" category member

prototype

True or false?

A prototype doesn't actually exist in the world

True

its the ideal representation

prototypical objects have high ________

family resemblance

statements about prototypical objects are verified _______

rapidly

prototypical objects are named in what order?

first

prototypical objects are affected more by _______.

priming

Sentence verification:

The ________ effect is the ability to determine category membership rapidly for highly prototypical objects

typicality

The ________ approach involves determining whether an object is similar to other objects based on actual entities encountered in the past. It is specific.

exemplar

An _________ is actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past

exemplar

1. ________ approach is better for dealing with atypical category members (penguins); dealing with categories with no clear prototype (games); and dealing with small categories (US presidents)

2. ______ approach is better for general categorization

1. exemplar

2. prototype

_______ categories are the level of categorization that is used most often to refer to individual items

basic

________ categories are specific or narrow categorization

subordinate

________ categories are broad or general categorization

superordinate

Place these in order from most broad to most specific:

basic categories

superordinate categories

subordinate categories

1. Superordinate

2. Basic

3. Subordinate

people will name an object by the _______ level term by default

people with significant experience with a certain category (bird experts, car experts) prefer the subordinate level

basic

people are faster to verify category membership at the ______ than the ________ level

basic; superordinate

people with significant experience with a certain category (bird experts, car experts) prefer the ________ level

subordinate

1. Going ______ basic level results in a large loss of information

2. Going ______ basic level results in little gain of information

1. above (superordinate)

2. below (subordinate)