intro to psych test 4

psychological disorders; therapy and treatment

diathesis-stress model

Which view of mental illnesses integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder?

Research finds that chronic stress may activate one's biological or psychological stress response system over an extended period of time, which is related to an increased risk of major depressive disorder. This is consistent with

comorbid

If a person has two diagnoses at the same time, like anxiety and depression, the disorders are considered to be

a psychological disorder

A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is called

biological

Attributing psychological disorders to genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities gives merit to the ____________ perspective

International Classification of Disease; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Globally, the ____________ is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the ___________ is more valued for research

dysfunction

Both distress and __________ are things a psychologist may look for in determining if a person has a mental disorder.

significant distress or disability in one's life

According to the APA, a psychological disorder includes significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that reflect some type of dysfunction. These disturbances lead to

supernatural phenomenon

Historically, psychological disorders were often viewed as

causes of

The word etiology is a description of the __________ mental disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Most mental health professionals use the __________ to diagnose and read about the details, symptoms, prevalence, and risk factors of mental disorders

Crying

Which of the following is NOT a typical physical manifestation of a panic attack?

excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

Anxiety disorders are generally characterized by

repetitive, distressing thoughts; repetitive behaviors

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions, which are __________ and/or compulsions, which are __________

agoraphobia

Intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of public places and spaces is known as

a stressful event causes intrusive memories, detachment, flashbacks, and outbursts

Which of the following describes PTSD?

panic disorder

While nearly 1/4 of Americans may experience a panic attack at some point during their lives, in order to be diagnosed with a ____________, a person should have attacks along with at least one month of anxiety and worry about the attacks

ask other people lots of questions

If Hopi has social anxiety disorder, which is a safety behavior he might adopt in order to reduce anxiety in social situations?

posttraumatic stress disorder

Alex, an officer in the Air Force, was injured while serving in Iraq. He was involved in a roadside ambush and although he sustained only minor injuries to his arm, one of his soldiers was killed during the gunfire. He has had a hard time sleeping ever since and often has nightmares of the event. He often blames himself for what happened and feels terribly guilty about it all. Alex has symptoms of

Tabria was the first responder at a horrific car accident that happened right in front of her on the road. She's had flashbacks to the accident almost daily and has been tense and irritable since then. She likely has

hoarding disorder

Kenita is afraid of losing valuable possessions. She has a hard time letting go of even small things she might find useful later. She is plagued with thoughts that if she throws something away, she won't have it when she needs it. What disorder is Kenita most likely to be diagnosed with?

generalized anxiety disorder

Constant worry is a key feature of

_______________ is characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

fear of snakes

Which of the following is the best example of a specific phobia?

more likely

Monkeys were ____________ to develop a fear of fear-relevant stimuli, like toy snakes or a toy crocodile, as they were to fear-irrelevant stimuli, like flowers or a toy rabbit.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Mary Grace locks the door before she goes to bed at night, then checks it exactly 7 more times before she can actually fall asleep. This may be a sign that Mary Grace suffers from

panic attack

A __________ is a short period of extreme worry sometimes manifested by an accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensations, hot flashes or chills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losing control or going crazy, and fears of dying.

classical conditioning

Modeling, verbal transmission of information, and _______________ are all ways that someone might come to develop a specific phobia

at a greater risk for developing social anxiety disorder

If Luciana demonstrates behavioral inhibition early in on life by crying or not speaking when in new situations or around unfamiliar people, she will be

Shani

Who would be statistically more likely to develop PTSD: Shani, who experienced sa, or Peyton, who lost his house during a devastating tornado?

serotonin

Which neurotransmitter is connected to suicide when there are low levels present in the brain?

bipolar disorder

Genetic factors play a large role in _____________. Twin studies show that identical twins are have a 67% chance of getting this disorder if their twin has it as well.

On Saturday, Omar felt hopelessly sad, overwhelmed, and unmotivated. On Tuesday, however, he felt energized, and powerful, and decided to buy a new car. Omar's actions potentially show signs of

If a person experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania, they may have

peripartum onset depression

Nearly 15% of women who had recently given birth screen positive for

the Americas or Europe

Risk factors for depression include being unemployed, being separated, divorced, or widowed, earning less than $20,000 per year, and living in __________.

90%

What percentage of those who commit suicide have a mental disorder?

flight of ideas

Which is the symptom of bipolar disorder that involves abruptly switching conversation from one topic to another?

males; females

Suicide among ________ is more common that among _________.

Persistent depressive disorder; long

____________ typically lasts a ________ time and is less severe than major depressive disorder

more likely

Studies on genes that regulate serotonin reveal that if a person has 1 or 2 short versions of a specific gene (5-HTTLPR), they may be __________ to develop major depressive disorder.

feelings of hopelessness

Which of the following is a behavior associated with depression?

marijuana use

Which of the following has been shown to have a connection with schizophrenia?

dissociative identity

Alexandria exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined with distinct characteristics. She could be diagnosed with ________ disorder.

Which personality disorder is the most controversial?

schizophrenia

Which of the following is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by a complete breakdown in one's ability to function in life?

Wayne was convinced that people were following him. He started hearing voices, and would stare out the window for hours without moving. He eventually dropped out of school and lost his job because of the paranoia. Wayne most likely would be diagnosed with

Major disturbances in thought, emotion, perception, and behavior are characteristic of

Dissociative amnesia

Agustín was the victim of a violent crime when he was a freshman in college. While he suffered no head injuries as a result, he cannot remember anything from the time period of his assault. He most likely may be diagnosed with the following:

ventricles

Neuroimaging studies show that patients with schizophrenia often have enlarged _______________, suggesting the disorder is associated with a loss of brain tissue.

prodromal symptoms

Minor symptoms of psychosis, problems at school or work, or a decline in social functioning are all considered ___________ of schizophrenia.

dopamine

Based on the effectiveness of drugs used to treat schizophrenia, researchers believe that the neurotransmitter ____________ has a primary role in the disease.

people may fake symptoms to avoid punishment

Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because the rates of the disorder suddenly skyrocketed in the 1980s and then rapidly declined and also because

that involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

Paranoid delusions are those

a lack of regard for other people's rights or feelings

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by

unstable emotions; impulsivity

Which of the following is a sign of borderline personality disorder?

Cluster A - odd/eccentric

Which option correctly matches a personality disorder cluster to the type of disorders in that cluster?

antisocial personality disorder

Amelia is manipulative and impulsive. She frequently steals or commits minor crimes and feels no remorse. What personality disorder seems to describe her?

schizotypal personality disorder

Luke shows no sign of anxiety or stress, but his normal temperament seems a bit odd. He distrusts others, mostly sticks to himself, and is often described by others as strange. Which disorder may best fit Luke's behavior?

personality disorder

A/An ___________ is a style of thinking, feeling, behaving and relating to others that is significantly different from normal cultural expectations.

borderline

Fatoumata is dramatic and emotionally volatile. She rapidly forms intense relationships that seem to blow up or fall apart just as quickly. Although she tends to distrust others, she also needs their attention. Fatoumata might be diagnosed with _________ personality disorder.

Cluster A

Leanne harbors a pervasive and unjustifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others and has a hard time making or keeping friends, as characteristic of paranoid personality disorder. Angel has unusual perceptual experiences, idiosyncratic speech, and displays inappropriate emotions. Leanne and Angel both have personality disorders categorized in __________ of the DSM-V.

A medical journal published an article saying autism was linked with the MMR vaccine.

Which is a major reason that parents do not want to vaccinate their children for fear of them developing autism?

dopamine

People with ADHD show less activity of the neurotransmitter

Joshua has a hard time relating to others, is an expert on bugs, and gets angry if the drive to school takes longer than the normal 10 minutes

Which of the following is an example of behavior consistent with someone who has autism?

autism spectrum disorder

Farzad is an 8 year old boy in third grade. His parents knew for some time that he was different than other children. Farzad didn't appear to demonstrate or reciprocate with feelings of love and affection and lacked expression on his face. He would often choose to play by himself, rather than with others, and would get confused and frustrated often when he was around other children because he didn't understand what they were trying to communicate or how to appropriately interact with them. Farzad has developed a special interest in dinosaurs and knows many of their names, eating habits, behaviors, and any other relevant information. He also has a large vocabulary and does well on his school assignments. Which disorder best fits this description?

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Dominique can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for

ADHD

Which disorder includes symptoms of inattentiveness and impulsive behavior?

there is no correlation between vaccines and autism

Recent studies on autism show that

greater

Genetic and neurological factors have a ________ impact on ADHD compared to social or environmental factors.