NCMA217 MATERNAL LEC WEEK2A gender kemerut

BIOLOGIC GENDER

•is the term used to denote a person’s chromosomal sex: MALE (XY) or FEMALE(XX).

GENDER IDENTITY OR SEXUAL IDENTITY

•- is the inner sense a person has of being male or female, which may be the same as or different from biologic gender.

GENDER ROLE

- is the male or female behavior a person exhibits, which, again, may or may not be the same as biologic gender or gender identity.

1. HETEROSEXUAL

 is a person who finds sexual fulfillment with a member of the opposite gender.

. HOMOSEXUAL

is a person who finds sexual fulfillment with a member of his or her own sex. Many homosexual men prefer to use the term “gay.” “Lesbian” refers to a homosexual woman. More recent terms are “men who have sex with men” (abbreviated as “MWM”) and “women who have sex with women” (WWW). Many young adults are worried about the stigma of being labeled homosexual and therefore keep their identity secret from heterosexual acquaintances.

 BISEXUALITY

people are said to be bisexual if they achieve sexual satisfaction from both homosexual and heterosexual relationships. Like men who have sex with men, bisexual men may be at greater risk for HIV and STIs than are others. Female partners of bisexual men need to be aware that they are also at increased risk for HIV and other STIs.

. TRANSSEXUAL OR TRANSGENDER PERSON

is an individual who, although of one biologic gender, feels as if he or she is of the opposite gender. Such people may have sex change operations so that they appear cosmetically as the gender they feel that they are

. SEXUAL ABSTINENCE (CELIBACY)

is separation from sexual activity. it is the avowed state of certain religious orders. It is also a way of life for many adults and one that is becoming fashionable among a growing number of young adults. It is the main point of many high school sex education classes

MASTURBATION

is self-stimulation for erotic pleasure; it can also be a mutually enjoyable activity for sexual partners. It offers sexual release, which may be interpreted by the person as overall tension or anxiety relief. Masters (1998) reported that women may find masturbation to orgasm the most satisfying sexual expression and use it more commonly than men. Children between 2 and 6 years of age discover masturbation as an enjoyable activity as they explore their bodies.

EROTIC STIMULATION

- is the use of visual materials such as magazines or photographs for sexual arousal. Although this is thought to be mostly a male phenomenon, there is increasing interest in centerfold photographs in magazines marketed primarily to women. Some parents of adolescents may need to be assured that an interest in this type of material is developmental and normal.

. Fetishism

is sexual arousal resulting from the use of certain objects or situations. Leather, rubber, shoes, and feet are frequently perceived to have erotic qualities. The object of stimulation does not just enhance the experience; rather, it becomes a focus of arousal and a person may come to require the object or situation for stimulation

. Transvestite

is an individual who dresses in the clothes of the opposite sex. Transvestites can be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. Many are married. Some transvestites, particularly married heterosexuals, may be under a great deal of strain to keep their lifestyle a secret from friends and neighbors.

. Sadomasochism

involves inflicting pain (sadism) or receiving pain (masochism) to achieve sexual satisfaction. It is a practice generally considered to be within the limits of normal sexual expression as long as the pain involved is minimal and the experience is satisfying to both sexual partners.

1. EXCITEMENT

• occurs with physical and psychological stimulation  (i.e., sight, sound, emotion, or thought) that causes parasympathetic nerve stimulation.

-arterial dilation and venous constriction in the genital area.

-increased blood supply leads to vasocongestion and increasing muscular tension.

•IN WOMEN, this vasocongestion causes:

-clitoris to increase in size

-mucoid fluid to appear on vaginal walls as lubrication.

-The vagina widens in diameter and increases in length.

-The nipples become erect.

•IN MEN:

-penile erection

-scrotal thickening

-elevation of the testes.

•IN BOTH SEXES:

-increase in heart rate

-increase respiratory rates

-increase blood pressure level.

2. PLATEAU

The plateau stage is reached just before orgasm.

•IN THE WOMEN:

-clitoris is drawn forward

-retracts under the clitoral prepuce

lower part of the vagina becomes extremely congested (formation of the orgasmic platform)

-increased nipple elevation.

•IN MEN

-vasocongestion leads to distention of the penis.

-Heart rate increases to 100 to 175 beats per minute

respiratory rate to approximately 40 respirations per minute

3. ORGASM (SEXUAL CLIMAX)

-is the sudden discharge of accumulated sexual excitement during the sexual response cycle, resulting in rhythmic, involuntary muscular contractions in the pelvic region characterized by sexual pleasure.

• Orgasm occurs when stimulation proceeds through the plateau stage to a point at which the body suddenly discharges accumulated sexual tension.

• IN WOMEN:

-A vigorous contraction of muscles in the pelvic area expels or dissipates blood and fluid from the area of congestion.

The average number of contractions for a woman is 8 to 15 contractions at intervals of 1 every 0.8 seconds.

• IN MEN:

-muscle contractions surrounding the seminal vessels and prostate project semen into the proximal urethra. These contractions are followed immediately by three to seven propulsive ejaculatory contractions, occurring at the same time interval as in the woman, which force semen from the penis

4. RESOLUTION

1. Inhibited Sexual Desire

• Lessened interest in sexual relations is normal in some circumstances, such as after the death of a family member, a divorce, or a stressful job change. The support of a caring sexual partner or relief of the tension causing the stress allows a return to sexual interest.

• Decreased sexual desire can also be a side effect of many medicines.

-Chronic diseases, such as peptic ulcers or chronic pulmonary disorders, that cause frequent pain or discomfort may interfere with a man’s or a woman’s overall well-being and interest in sexual activity.

• Some women experience a decrease in sexual desire during perimenopause.

-Administration of androgen (testosterone) to women may be helpful at that time, because it can improve interest in sexual activity

2. Failure to Achieve Orgasm

• The failure of a woman to achieve orgasm can be a result of poor sexual technique,

concentrating too hard on achievement, or negative attitudes toward sexual

relationships. Treatment is aimed at relieving the underlying cause. It may include instruction and counseling for the couple about sexual feelings and needs.

3.. Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED), formerly referred to as impotence, is the inability of a man to produce or maintain an erection long enough for vaginal penetration or partner satisfaction (Wessells et al., 2007). Most causes of ED are physical, such as aging, atherosclerosis, or diabetes, which limit blood supply. It may also occur as a side effect of certain drugs.

• Examples of drugs prescribed today for ED are sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and

vardenafil (Levitra), which are taken up to once a day to stimulate penile erection.

• a surgical implant to aid erection by the use of vacuum pressure is a possible alternative

(Hossein, 2007). Testosterone injections may be helpful in some men

4. Premature Ejaculation

• Premature ejaculation is ejaculation before penile–vaginal contact (Docherty, 2007). The term also is often used to mean ejaculation before the sexual partner’s satisfaction has been

achieved. Premature ejaculation can be unsatisfactory and frustrating for both partners.

• The cause, like that of ED, can be psychological. Masturbating to orgasm (in which orgasm is

achieved quickly because of lack of time) may play a role. Other reasons suggested are doubt

about masculinity and fear of impregnating a partner, which prevent the man from sustaining an erection. Sexual counseling for both partners to reduce stress, as well as serotonergic

antidepressants such as Mirtazapine, may be helpful in alleviating the problem

5. Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome (PSAS)

• is excessive and unrelenting sexual arousal in the absence of desire (Mahoney & Zarate,

2007). It may be triggered by medications or psychological factors. When assessing someone

with the disorder, be certain to ask if the person is taking any herbal remedies such as Ginkgo

biloba because some of these can have arousal effects

6. Vaginismus

• is involuntary contraction of the muscles at the outlet of the vagina when coitus is attempted that prohibits penile penetration (Engman, Wijma, & Wijma, 2007).

• Vaginismus may occur in women who have been raped. Other causes are unknown, but it

could also be the result of early learning patterns in which sexual relations were viewed as bad or sinful. As with other sexual problems, sexual or psychological counseling to reduce this response may be necessary.

7. Dyspareunia and Vestibulitis

• Dyspareunia is pain during coitus. This can occur because of endometriosis (abnormal

placement of endometrial tissue), vestibulitis (inflammation of the vestibule), vaginal infection, or hormonal changes such as those that occur with menopause and cause vaginal drying. A psychological component may be present.

• Treatment is aimed at the underlying cause. Encouraging open communication between sexual partners can be instrumental in resolving the problem