anthro quiz 4

Prokaryotic cells

• Smaller and simpler

• Does NOT have nucleus

• DNA is located in cytoplasm/nucleoid region

• DNA is not enclosed by nuclear membrane

• Evolved first

Eukaryotic cells

• Larger and more complex

• Have a nucleus

• DNA is primarily located in nucleus

• Have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria

Somatic

• Body cells (cells that make up your body other than sex cells (gametes))

• Ex. skin cells, muscle cells, bone cells, etc.

• They are diploid

• Have 2 copies of each chromosome

• Humans have 46 chromosomes

• Those 46 are organized into 23 pairs

• The pairs are called homologous chromosomes

• Homologous means one came from your mother, the other from your father

• Somatic cells are produced by mitosis

• Purpose: growth, repair, body functions

Gametic

• Sex cells

• There are two human gametes (egg and sperm)

• Haploid

• Have 1 copy of each chromosome 

• Humans have 23 chromosomes

• They do NOT have chromosome pairs

• Produced by meiosis (4 haploid cells)

• Purpose: sexual reproduction

Cell membrane

outer boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cytoplasm

material inside cell

Nucleus

membrane bound structure containing nuclear DNA

Nuclear DNA

DNA located inside nucleus

Mitochondria

organelle within the cell that produces energy for the cells functions

Nucleotide structure

phosphate, sugar, base

DNA base-pairing rules

A–T, C–G

Complementary DNA strands

T, G, C, A

Why DNA replicates

To produce 2 identical strands of DNA prior to cell division

gene

section of DNA

Chromosome structure

centromere, telomere

Centromere

where the sister chromatids are joined (middle ish)

Telomeres

at the ends of chromosome

Sister chromatids

chromosome

Replicated

sister chromatids joined at the centromere

Unreplicated

one chromatid

Amino acid

building block of protein

Polypeptide chain

chain of amino acids

Protein

made up of one or more polypeptide chains

Gametes

egg and sperm

Mitosis

1. DNA replicates

2. Euchromatin forms into chromosome (made of 2 replicated chromosomes)

3. Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell

4. Chromosomes split at centromere, each chromatid migrates to opposite ends of the cell

5. Cytoplasm pinches off

6. Result is two daughter cells

Meiosis

1. DNA (of somatic germ cell) replicates

2. Chromosomes line up

3. Pieces of homologous chromosomes cross over to swap genetic material (new combination of genetic material = recombination)

4. Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of cells

5. Cell divides once  

6. Resulting cells divide again = haploid cells in each cell