Anatomy and Physiology Module 2 Chemistry and Module 3 Metabolism

Atom

Atom

Smallest chemical part of an element

Cation

Positively charge ion

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Isotope

Two or more of the same element, different # of neutrons

Ionic bond

Ions of opposite charge transfer electron(s)

Covalent bonds

Multiple atoms with similar electronegrativities sharing electrons

Polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons

Nonpolar covalent bond

Equal sharing of electrons

Hydrogen bonds

Form by intermolecular forces, result in polar molecules

When hydrogen ion concentration increases _____

pH decreases

When hydroxide ion concentration increase ____

pH increases

Molecular formula

Element type + # of atoms EX. (C2H6)

Carbohydrates are

C,H,O and are a water soluble monosaccharide

Proteins are

C,H,O,N and a water soluble amino acid

Lipids are

C,H,O and a lipid soluble

Nucleic acids are

C,H,O,N,P and a water soluble nucleotide

Protein structure PRIMARY

Decided by amino acid sequence

Protein structure SECONDARY

Folding a peptide bonds due to hydrogen bonds

Protein structure TERTIARY

Folding of secondary structure due to environment

Protein structure QUATERNARY

Proteins interact in subunits with tertiary structure

Catabolic reaction

Break large molecules leading to an energy release

Anabolic reaction

Use energy to build pieces into a large molecule

Oxidation-Reduction

loss/gain electron, electron energy used to create ATP

FAD and FADH2 are

electron carriers of the electron transport chain

Carbohydrate metabolism

Electron transport chain

In mitochondria inter membrane, uses oxidation reactions to create ATP

Electron transport chain final electron acceptor

O2

Glycogenesis

converts excess glucose into glycogen which will be stored for later use.

Glycogenolysis

Breaks glycogen into a glucose 6 phosphate. Used when glucose is not readily available.

gluconeogenesis

Synthesis of glucose from a non carb

Results of anaerobic metabolism

Lactate acid

Triglycerides

Lipid storage, glycerol +fatty acids

Beta oxidation

metabolism of fatty acids, result is Acetyl-COA

Lipolysis

Breakdown of triglycerides by hydrolysis

Lipogenesis

Excess glucose along with amino acids are used to synthesize lipids when the glycogen storage is full.

Amino acid structure

C, amino group, acid group and a functional