Anatomy and Physiology Module 2 Chemistry and Module 3 Metabolism

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40 Terms

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Atom

Smallest chemical part of an element

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Cation

Positively charge ion

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Anion

Negatively charged ion

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Isotope

Two or more of the same element, different # of neutrons

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Ionic bond

Ions of opposite charge transfer electron(s)

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Covalent bonds

Multiple atoms with similar electronegrativities sharing electrons

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Polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons

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Nonpolar covalent bond

Equal sharing of electrons

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Hydrogen bonds

Form by intermolecular forces, result in polar molecules

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When hydrogen ion concentration increases _____

pH decreases

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When hydroxide ion concentration increase ____

pH increases

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Molecular formula

Element type + # of atoms EX. (C2H6)

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Carbohydrates are

C,H,O and are a water soluble monosaccharide

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Proteins are

C,H,O,N and a water soluble amino acid

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Lipids are

C,H,O and a lipid soluble

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Nucleic acids are

C,H,O,N,P and a water soluble nucleotide

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Protein structure PRIMARY

Decided by amino acid sequence

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Protein structure SECONDARY

Folding a peptide bonds due to hydrogen bonds

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Protein structure TERTIARY

Folding of secondary structure due to environment

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Protein structure QUATERNARY

Proteins interact in subunits with tertiary structure

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Catabolic reaction

Break large molecules leading to an energy release

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Anabolic reaction

Use energy to build pieces into a large molecule

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Oxidation-Reduction

loss/gain electron, electron energy used to create ATP

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FAD and FADH2 are

electron carriers of the electron transport chain

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Carbohydrate metabolism

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Electron transport chain

In mitochondria inter membrane, uses oxidation reactions to create ATP

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Electron transport chain final electron acceptor

O2

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Glycogenesis

converts excess glucose into glycogen which will be stored for later use.

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Glycogenolysis

Breaks glycogen into a glucose 6 phosphate. Used when glucose is not readily available.

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gluconeogenesis

Synthesis of glucose from a non carb

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Results of anaerobic metabolism

Lactate acid

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Triglycerides

Lipid storage, glycerol +fatty acids

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Beta oxidation

metabolism of fatty acids, result is Acetyl-COA

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Lipolysis

Breakdown of triglycerides by hydrolysis

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Lipogenesis

Excess glucose along with amino acids are used to synthesize lipids when the glycogen storage is full.

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Amino acid structure

C, amino group, acid group and a functional

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