Lifesci 7C Midterm 2

Maniere’s Disease is linked to an excessive volume of endolymph fluid. Where in the ear is endolymph found?

inner ear

Although the exact cause of Maniere’s Disease remains a mystery, which of the following could most reasonably by caused by a build up of excessive endolymph fluid?

Hair cell function is altered

Suppose the stereocilia of one hair cell become permanently bent. What will most likely happen as a concequence?

A single pitch will constantly or no longer by perceived depending on the BENDING direction

If a hair cell bends toward the kinocilium, K+ channels will open and the cell will _____.

depolarize

if a hair cell bends toward the kinocilium…

It releases neurotransmitters

During an auditory hallucination, sound is perceived without an auditory stimulus. Based on what you learned about the brain last week, stimulation in which lobe of the brain would be most likely to generate an auditory hallucination?

temporal lobe

You wake up in the middle of the night. As you look around the dark room, your pupils _____ to let in _____ light.

dilate, more

Rods and Cones hyperpolarize in response to light. Select A or B for the image that represents your rod cells in the dark.

A

You turn on a light so you can get a glass of water. BEFORE you turn on the light, the Effector Enzyme is activated.

False

You turn on a light so you can get a glass of water. At the moment the light turns ON, the concentration of cGMP inside your rods and cones, ____

Decreases

You turn on a light so you can get a glass of water. At the moment the light turns ON, the amount of neurotransmitters released by your rods and cones ______

decreases

In the dark your rod cells are releasing neurotransmitter on to the bipolar cells. In the dark, your bipolar cells are ______.

depolarized

You turn on a light so you can get a glass of water. At the moment the light turns ON, your bipolar cells will _____ firing action potentials.

THEY DON’T FIRE ACTION POTENTIALS

You turn on a light so you can get a glass of water. At the moment the light turns ON, your retinal ganglion cells will _____ firing action potentials.

start

Black widow spider venom causes explosive release of ACh. At the site of a black widow spider bite, muscle membrane potential will ______

become more positive

Organophosphates inhibit the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Exposure to organophosphates will therefore _______ muscle stimulation by motor neurons

Increase

Where does the cycle start? When a muscle is completely relaxed (no contraction is occurring), at what point is the cycle paused?

B

In a muscle affected by Botox, Ca2+ channels in the SR will be mostly open

False

In a muscle affected by Botox, myosin will be primarily bound to ATP

false

In a muscle affected by Botox, myosin will be bound to actin

false

In a muscle affected by Botox, the cell will become hyperpolarized

false

What would the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ most likely look like on this graph?

B

You’re working in a physiology lab and examining microscope slides of muscle. You notice the slow-twitch muscle fiber slide has a reddish-brown color. The reason for this is:

Muscle cells contain myoglobin

The cochlea is in the _____ ear

inner

_____ cells are in the cochlea

hair

Tympanic bones in the middle ear _____ when the ear drum vibrates when it senses sound

vibrate

____ between middle ear and inner ear vibrates with sound

stapes

______ pitch sounds are heard at the apical side of the cochlea

low

____ pitch sounds are heard at the basal region of the cochlea

high

A wave goes through the fluid in the cochlea, which bends the cochlea duct. This process is called

mechanical deformation

The organ of _____ has the actual hair cells in it

coti

When there is bending in the cochlea duct, the _______ bend, which causes the ______ membrane to bend

stereocilia, tectorial

Stereocilia made up of cytoskeletal component (microfilaments made of actin

• bending ____ dictates which pitch is hear

• one hair cell detects one single pitch

direction

the tallest stereocilia is the _____

kinocilium

Bending towards towards kinocilium _____ potassium channels

opens

bends away from the kinocilium _____ potassium

closes

hair cells do ____ need an action potential to release neurotransmitters

not

Damaged hair cells can “hear” _____ when it’s not there

ringing

_______ lobe involves everything related to the ear

• responsible for causing spontaneous neural activation in epilepsy

temporal

pupils ____ to let in more light

widen

_____ cells allow for color and precision eyesight

cone

cone cells are used during the _____

day

_____ cells are used when the light is dimmed

• nightvision

• can view a spectrum of light

rod

Rods and cones _______ when the light (stimulus) is present

hyperpolarize

rods and cone cells do ___ fire action potentials

not

There are 2 synapses in the eye:

• ganglion cells go to ______ cells which go to cones/rods cells

bipolar

the Rods and Cones in the Retina is a ______ system

• it’s either light or no light

binary

bipolar cells do _____ fire action potentials

not

________ is the neurotransmitter released from motor neurons

acetylcholine

the muscle fiber is a _____

cell

motor neurons ____ have action potentials

do

_____ can be in a high energy or low energy state

• in high energy conformation → higher potential energy

myosin

when myosin ______ energy, the thin filaments get pulled closer together

releases

when the power stroke occurs, the sarcomeres go from their relaxed length to their _____ length

contracted

when ____ is low

• myosin can’t bind actin

• muscle is relaxed

calcium

when calcium is high

• myosin can bind actin

• ___ ____ can occur

cross bridge

Steps of Muscle Contraction

1. Calcium binds ______

2. ______ is bound to tropomyosin and pulls the tropomyosin out of the myosin binding sites

3. myosin binding sites are exposed and cross bridges form

troponin

Need ____ in order to relax muscle as well as contract muscle

ATP

botox blocks the ______ from entering the muscle contracting system

neurotransmitter

_____ is a muscle contraction with sustained force

• when muscle doesn’t relax after being contracted

• MAXIMUM muscle force

tetanus

______ muscles don’t respond no matter how much neurotransmitter there is

fatigued

____ = slow twitch

_____ = fast twitch

red, white

____ ______ comes out of every cell in the body!

carbon dioxide

CO2 is the breakdown product of carbohydrates _______ in cellular respiration

• in the mitochandria

oxidized

the lungs are _____ to increase surface area

• thinner the membrane, the better

branched

______ ducts are responsible for gas exchange in the lungs

alveolar

we can figure out which way gases flow based on their _____ ______

partial pressures

residual lung volume mixes with new incoming air → lower ____

• because we can’t fully deflate our lungs

pO2

red blood cells make ______

• they’re red because of the iron in ___

hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a ______ protein

transport

during exercise, cells do more ______ _____

cellular respiration

blood pH is ____ than muscle pH

lower

Hemoglobin increases and decreasing its ____ ____ on purpose

binding affinity

hemoglobin graph shifts to the right → _____ binding affinity

lower

Doing active work causes:

• higher CO2

• lower __

• higher temperature

• lower binding affinity

pH

brainstem is the ____ for the blood oxygen and respiration negative feedback loop

sensor

pletelets are not _____

cells

_______ is what transfers the oxygen to the body

capillaries

ventricular diastole = ventricles are _____ and pressure is ______

filling, lower

ventricular systole = ventricles are ____ and pressure is _____

emptying, higher

systolic blood pressure is usually about ____ mmHg while diastolic blood pressure should be about ___mmHg

120, 80

the first step of the cardiac cycle is that the ____ contract because of the AV (aortic valve)

atria

2nd step of cardiac cycle is that pressure builds up in ______ until aortic and pulmonary valves open

ventricles

3rd step of cardiac cycle is that blood is pumped out of the ventricles and into the _____ and pulmonary artery

aorta

4th step of the cardiac cycle, the ventricles relax and pressure falls and the aorta and pulmonary artery slam _____

shut

finally, the last step of the cardiac cycle is the vectricles ____ will blood

fill

motor neurons are ___ needed for heart contraction

not

the ___ node sets the pace for the cardiac cycle

SA

gap junctions in the SA note are important, because they allow for a _____ phase in the action potential of contractile myocardium

plateau

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