period 4 apush

democratic republican party ideals

decentralized govt

agriculture- agrarian nation with limited gov that served the needs of common citizens (yeoman farmers)

favored france over GB

individual rights

strict constitutionalism

federalist ideas

loose constructionists (ex: national bank)

what was the Louisiana Purchase

James monroe took offer from Napolean for all of LA territory for 15 million

Monroe took offer which stressed out Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

1800 VERY IMPORTANT ELCTION - peacful tranition of power which like never happened

wanted agrarian nation with limited gov that served the needs of common citizens (yeoman farmers) - he did repeal wiskey task and reduce fed gov debt but he expanded fed government so like 

LP from france

How did TJ justify LP

constructionist, but the deal was already done

said it was for benefit of the people

began removing NA populations 

supported farming dream and opened trading

remove US from European influence

opponents were like “how will we handle slavery?” and “its difficult to organize/control such a large territory”

John Marshall

Chief justice 1801 until his death in 1835

strengthen supreme court bc constitution gave little instruction 

Marbury V Madison (1803) AND mcculloch v maryland (1819)

Mad was sec of state and refused to hand appointment to Marbury (Adams judiciary act)

claimed judiciary act was unconstitutional → marbury not appointed 

COURT PORCALIMED ITSELF TO BE FINAL INTERPRETER OF CONSTITUION  

By declaring a law of Congress unconstitutional, the Court established its power to interpret the Constitution and act as the ultimate arbiter of what is legal and constitutional. This gave the judiciary co-equal status with the legislative and executive branches

supreme courts role to be final interpreter of constitution- judicial review

checks and balances. court has final say not states 

mculloch v m

maryland passed state tax on second national bank - effort for fed law over state law

supreme court wrote that bank was constituional under necessary and proper clause 

Second great awakening

conservatives wanted to fight spread of religious rationalism and encourage church establishments to revitalize organization (denounce New Light desenters which are people who altered religious view to be more compatible w/ science

Message of SGA and effects

people must readmit god into lives, active peity, reject rationalism

effects: accepted of different sects, helped communities establish identity

Cotton gin and effects

cotton seeds were hard to remove and cotton was in high demand due to textiles

en”gin”e removed seeds quick

effects: cotton growing expanded and caused an increase in slavery

north used agriculture in south to become more industrial (textiles)

caused a divided of N and S 

steamboat

needed transportation for rapid growing trade system

created more effect boat that could go both ways on river

profitable career between NOLA and Natchez

turnpike

toll road running 60 miles from Philadelphia PA to Lancaster PA

financed by corps through densely settled areas

state and fed gov financed roads in less settled areas (mountains, country, etc)

Market revolution

development in which relationship between producers and consumers became the primary economic element of American society 

Before: small farms, sustenance farming to survive

After: bought and sold on market to survice

EFFECT: linking N industries with W and S farm → boosted econ, regions focusing on what they are actually good at

production more efficient and easily transportable  

caused industrial cities to explode which created a poor lower class and a middle class with deposable income

James Madison (1809-1825)

war of 1812 → trade issue, GB impressment

US WINS YAY (kind of they didn’t gain any new territories but they did lose YAY) → era of good feelings

beginning of westward expansion and growth

henry clay american system

unify and grow econ

fed funded internal improvements

implement protective tariffs so people more likely to buy american products (tariff of 1816)

re-establish bank of US- national currency

lets every region focus on what they do best (north=manufacturing, south=cotton west=food production)
madison aproves 2 and 3 

unification actually brought out differences because they were focused on what they needed

what caused war of 1812

france and britian fighting

us wanted to remain neutral but both kept seizing ships

british stir up native resistance for western settlers

british impressment of US people 

who was for the war and who was against it politically

for: Dem republicans

against: feds (so much so they threaten to sucede NE) 

Consqeunces of war of 1812

Nationalism → didn’t lose a whole other war (won twice against Britain!!)

demise of fed party 

weakness exposed → national bank had expired under dem rep which made it difficult to raise funds   (also no reliable transportation?) 

era of good feelings 

James Monroe (1817-1825)

Aquires florida (adams-onis treaty)

missouri compromise

monroe doctrine → declaration that western hemisphere is off limits to Europeans 

corrupt bargain of 1824

why was era of good feelings actually bad (1815-1825)

native lands stolen

slavery and inequality

panic of 1819 

missouri compromise of 1820

increased politcal divides

corrupt bargain

sectionalism = different section having politcal as more land was acquired

• more politcal and economic divides

• lack of unity 

why was the era of good feelings good

acquired florida from spain

economic growth and westward expansion

no war

after war of 1812 their was increased nationalism

monroe was popular

Missouri compromise of 1820

Missouri becomes slave state, maine is free 

compromise made by henry clay so that slave and free states are equal

panic of 1819

causes: irresponsible banking practices, decrease demand of exports

effect: working men demanded the franchise

mass foreclosures on southern farms led to financial hardship in the north

corrupt bargain of 1824 and what happened that election

split of dem-rep party

national republicans(JQA) V dem rep (AJ) → similar to fed v rep and big v small govt for econ)

HOW nation should expand

who was running during the election of 1824 and who won

william h crawford

JQA → sec of state, not pop, national rep

henry clay → speaker of house, devoted followers

andrew jackson → no political record, military hero, common man

AJ won most pop but NOT MAJORITY SO IT WENT TO HoR 

adams won and henry clay became sec of state (CORRUPT????)

Jacksonian Deomcracy

• cares for common man

• wants elites out of gov

• military hero with little experience

• defeated JQA in 1828

• tariff of abominations

• expands democracy

• national bank

• nullification crisis

• indian removal

how did AJ lead to the beginning of a new political party system

national reps → expanisive view of fed power, loose constructionalists (HC and JQA)

democrats → restrictive views of fed pwoer, strict constructionalists

• andrew jackson went to people, “common man”

Jacksonian won → compared to Jeff in 1800

Adams basically swept NE and had strength in mid atlantic

after AJ win he claimed to enter new era of democracy → “common man”

Tariff of Abominations tariff of 1828 and tariff of 1832

tariff on imported goods bc MA and RI complained that B were dumping textiles on A market at a artificially low price

payed more for raw materials to protect manufactured goods = SOUTH MAD :( , NORTH HAPPY :)

AJ reaffirms tariffs

IMPORTANT: south threatens to succeed 

WHY TARIFF IS IMPORTANT: Nullification crisis

SC theatens to sucede due to tariffs

John Callhone hated tariffs

• states should have power to determine constitutionality of fed laws and nullify laws that don’t 

• SC decides to nullify tariff law and threatens to seced

• forced bill → Jackson uses fed troops on to enforce law

denounced SC and promoted unionism

AJ and bank

vetoed bank and said it hurt common people

exercised presidential power to veto

AJ and indian removal act (1830)

didn’t like NA due to him being in military

black hawk war

Money to finance def negotioation w/ southern tribes to relocate them west → many tribes weak and ceded land for payments

Cherokee in Georgia refusee to move 

Worcester V Georgia (1832) → Cherokee Nation was soverign and GA couldn’t impose laws in their boundaries

Trails on Tears → Cherokee and other tribes forced from southern land to oklamhoma “Indian Territory”

What book was written by a french aristocrat

Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville

• a frenchman observing US dem under AJ

• noted that traditional aristocracies were fading and new elites could rise and fall no matter their background

• democracy had many limits → women couldn’t vote by had SOME power through families

• NA and AA had no power and experienced tyranny and misfortune

how did deomcracy expand during the Age of Jackson

by 1828 presidential elections were chosen by pop vote in every state but SC

almost all white adult males could vote regardless of property

elimination of prop requirements becomes his “base”

Second party system

election of Jackson in 1828 was result of political movement that seemed to stand apart from usual political elites

peopel began to believe in parties

1830s fully formed two parties → committed to existence and acknowledge other party

WHIGS V DEMOCRACTS

anti J v J

why was AJ president of the common man?

didn’t have clear ideological position but believed that democracy should offer equal protection and equal benefits to white male citizens → no region of class over another

wanted to extend opportunities North and south

spoils system → dismissed office holders who didn’t do anything or engage in corruption

helped men who didn’t have property vote

how was he lowk not pres of common man

thought that women, AA and NA were dangerous elements to democracy

appts to office were political allies of pres, not “the people”

how did debates over tariffs and states rights lead to increased sectionalism

webster hayne debate → S+W victims of NE tyranny

south mad at north for profits of high taxes (tariff of abomination)

How did jackson increase power of presidency

forcibly removed NA instead of working along side them

didn’t support state nullification

vetoed bank

wocerster v georgia defied supreme court by ignoring them

spoils system

black hawk war

The Black Hawk War was a conflict in 1832 between U.S. militias and federal troops under President Andrew Jackson and the Sauk and Fox tribes led by Chief Black Hawk.

Driven by a policy of Indian removal, Black Hawk led his followers back to their ancestral lands in Illinois after they had been forced to move to Iowa.

The resulting conflict ended with the massacre of most of Black Hawk's band at the Battle of Bad Axe, a decisive victory

furthered Jackson's Indian removal agenda.  

Worcester V Georgia

Worcester V Georgia → Cherokee Nation was soverign and GA couldn’t impose laws in their boundaries

Jackson took no action to enforce ruling

paved the way for the forced removal of the Cherokee from their lands in the Southeast, a brutal event known as the Trail of Tears

Jackson motivation for indigenous removal

expanding plantations

1829 found gold in georgia

westward expansion after LP

US govt / jackson were supportive of settler colonialism 

• economically, militarily rhetoric

more on panic of 1819

BANK TIGHTENED CREDIT- made it harder for people and state banks to borrow money.

Why it caused the Panic of 1819

• People who had borrowed to buy land couldn’t repay loans once credit tightened.

• Land values collapsed, banks failed, and many people lost their farms and savings.

• This created the first major economic depression in U.S. history.

• Many Americans, especially in the West and South, blamed the BUS for causing the panic — leading to widespread distrust of banks and opposition to centralized financial power.

describe urban growth during 1840-1860

rapid urbanization → national pop grew, NE farmers flowing into cities

Population growth → a lot in the northeast: Philadelphia, Boston, NYC pops growing by 100,000s

a lot in west: urban growth: small western villages and trading posts turned into major cities (St. Luis, Cincinatti)

west benefitted from strategic position on MI river, center of growing carrying trade that connected farmers of midwest with New Orleans and cities of northeast

wealth inequality 

describe immigration from 1840-1860

immigration grew in north east and west but not as much in south

europe is volatile

irish and german immigrants made up majority 

irish were more poor because of famine and many were young women who join the workforce as unskilled laborers. faced more discrimination 

germans had more money and became farmers in northwest or went into business in the west, skilled jobs

what is nativism

a defense of native born people and hostility toward foreign born, want to stop or slow immigration 

some americans welcomed immigrants → wested need population, cheap labor and eastern cities wanted more voters

some didn’t → racism, immigrants inherently inferior (compared them to NA and AA), stealing jobs by working for cheap

whig mad that many voted democrat and feared they brought new radical ideals

what is alien menace

what nativists called immigration issue

supreme order of star spangled banner 

who were the know-nothings

created American Party → nativism 

was first known as the Native American association and held convention in Philly where the formed Native American

success in East in election of 1854, and gained control of govt in MA, but not as popular anywhere else

west didn’t support because of large german pop

after 1854 popularity and strength declined

called this because it was the password used because they were secret 🤫

why did this nativist response occur?

people were scared that their jobs would be taken and the econ would change

defensive of their home and held racist stereotypes

erie canal and history before canals

from 1790-1800’s roads were relied on, but as the US expanded they turned toward water transportation

canals were easier for horses to carry goods and it was direct transportation

economist and engineering triumph for NY and connected them with Chicago and growing western markets

NY could replace NO as a destination for agriculture good and as a source for manufactured goods to be sold in the region

The railroad

competition between railroads and canals, railroads gradually took over all other modes of transformation

stretch everywhere, but most were in the northeast

lessened dependence of west on MI which further wrecked connection between NW and S 

fund cam from private investors, abroad and local gold, and fed government (congress gave over 30 million acres to 11 states to assist railroad construction in 1860)

telegraph

Invented by Samuel FB Morse (like morse code ahahhaahahhah)

split N and S because it was more extensive in north and helped link north to NW

by 1860 more than 50,000 miles of wire connected most parts of country

nearly all independent wires joined into 1 organization (western telegraph company)

how did the new technology change american society

connected the nation but it mainly connected NW to NE

created a divide between N and S

how did the north develop economically during this period

Industrial North East → plants so large region produced over 2/3 of nations manufactured goods

American econ grew rapidly and changed often. by 1840 machine tools used in factories were already better than Europe

Lowell system

textile and shoe factories in NE

young women living in dorms, prison like

strike in 1836 

uncharted territory → no regulations, laws sides with big coorporations 

factory system

new and larger machines driven by water power → textile operations together under a single roof 

division of labor

what were the separate spheres aka sphere of domesticity

a distinct female culture → stronger friendships (which later created clubs and associations), feminine literature for middle class women

men controlled property including children

women had less education, fewer career opportunities and paths to prosperity. republican motherhood

many considered the new female sphere a vehicle for expressing qualities that made women superior to men

republican motherhood

women in home because it is there responsibility and how they contrbuted to the government

cult of domesticity

social ideology that defined upper and middle-class white women's roles as confined to the home, focused on domestic duties and moral guidance for the family

how were women’s right limited

couldn’t obtain divorces, husbands had authority over property and wives, wife beating legal in most areas

female education → encouraged to attend elementary school but not really higher education. education is to better support family

little access to business and politics

coeducation rare until long after CW and few women colleges emerged 

how were women’s roles changing

oberlin college in OH became first college to accept female students

middle class women didn’t have to work so came guardians of domestic virtues → role as mothers and wives more even more important

important as consumers → middle/upper class society valued clean comfortable home, entertainment, dressing stylishly

benefits of chaning roles for women

refuge from harsh economic world (for women and husband when at home)

responsibility to provide religion and moral instructions to children 

balance husbands

higher value on feminine virtues 

lives of greater material comfort 

cost of changing roles for women 

detached from public world

few outlets for other interests 

few richer women wanted to work and fewer people wanted to hirer them

lower class women had to work in bad conditions

unmarried women had few choices

planter class

planter aristocracy → whites who owned money, slaves and land had the most influence socially, econ, and politically

many with wealth had actually just gained it (although some had it for a while)

wanted to present themselves as genteel aristocrats bc they had worked so hard → defense of slavery and south rights

aristocrat values → avoided coause trade and commerce, gravitated toward PLANTING DUH or military 

cult of honor

white males adopted elaborate code of chivalry which obligated them to defend honor (duels and violence)

anything that challenged public appearance or “manhood” of white southern males = challeged to duel or stern public rebuke (THINK: SC congressman Preston Brooks beating MA senator Charles Sumner w/ cane. the people in the south praised and north considered it savage)

“gentlemen” to avenge insults to southern women

role of women in the south

centered in home and mothers and wives didn’t engage much in public activities or employment

lived on isolated farms with dominate husband (worse than north because of isolation and husband home all the time)

less access to school and high infant mortality rate

would sometimes have jobs overseeing plantation, but most of the time were just an ornament to society instead of actually playing a part in the econ or society

some spoke out

most other convinced themselves and defended special virtues of southern life, wanted country united

plain folk

modest farmers

might have had a few slaves who they were close with (as opposed to a planation with many enslaved), many had no slaves, and/or relied on substinence farming

very hard to gain more wealth

little education with little changes of advancement (worse than northern schools, similar to NW)

why was their limited class conflict in the south

most plain folk had close relationships with plantation aristocracy → markets, financial assistance, cotton gin, kinship/family

many agreed on separate home rules and for some reason believed that assault on slavery could lead to assault on patriarchy (even though they didn’t own slaves) 

UNITED BY RACE, all “superior” to black people 

how did these changes lead to development of deep south and how was it different from north

south had a very distinct culture → code of honor, slavery, planter aristocracy

separate from north with new inventions

became defensive of protecting their “rights”

very poor people who didn’t have farms

women more isolated

very united by white people being superior

hill people

white trash

cut off from most, thought slavery threatened independence 

½ million REALLY poor lower class (labeled in harriet beecher stowe book)  

seneca falls convention (1848)

Declaration of Rights of Women or Declaration of Sentiments frafter by Elizabeth Cady Stanton structed after Dec of ind

argued for right to vote which launched womens suffrage movement

rejected notion of separate spheres

quakers important

considered secondary issue to slavery

small progress → womens edu, new job roles

series of conventions

Who spoke at Seneca falls

Fredrick Douglass

outspoken leader LEADER OF ABOLITIONIST kinda

wrote autobiography (LOFD, 1845) which presented life as a slave

demanded freedom and ALL AMERICAN RIGHTS  

american Colonization society 

group supported by US president, abolitionist

carefully trying not to upset south

resettle free black people in Liberia colony

racism → didn’t want to integrate formerly people into society 

way too many enslaved to be successful (many babies being born) 

AA resisted duh (not their home) and south resisted duh (committed to slavery with cotton boom)

anti slavery movement rapidly losing strength

William lloyd garrison

wrote liberator magazine (1831)

extend all American rights to AA

immediate unconditional abolitionism 

founded anti slavery society

said to think of slavery from AA pov not how it effects white people 

antislavery sentiment developing greater than any point 

David Walker

free black man in boston

published ‘walkers appeal to colored citizens’

violence and freedom by killing white master 

“kill or be killed”

Sojourner Truth

power spokes person for abolitionism and womens rights

less violent

free plant women 

aint i a women → rights for black women 

spoke at womens rights conventions

divisions within abolitionist movement

different ideas on how to achieve freedom (violence, peace, time, immediate, laws, people)

womens right v anti slavery

violent opposition from anti-abolitionists -> moderates vs extremists (garrison).

rising political action - prigg vs pennsylvania vs personal liberty laws.

underground railroad.

free-soil - people who wanted to keep slavery out of territories (some worried about African American welfare, others wanted white state).

violence, propaganda - Uncle Tom's Cabin

reform movements

influenced by SGA

female activists → DD, HBS

temperance movement 

men drank to much 

hurt women (domestic violence and used salary) 

transendentalism

truth is beyond human senses an can be found through nature

perfect oneself through nature

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

SGA

revitalization of church membership

intro of new church sects

new belief system → people looking for security in uncertain times (mormons, shakers, transcendentalism) 

utopian society (shakers who valued gender equality) 

perfectionism

Humans are fundamentally flawed or imperfect and need to change to meet a standard.

capable of living sinless life

slave codes

condoned harm on Black Americans and kept them enslaved; legally reinforced racial hierarchy; passed before/after rebellion out of fear; no owning weapons, testifying in court no white servants, no marriage, no relationships with Christians, no music, no meeting up,

planters consolidate power

elites unified southern whites under their economic/political control - stopped abolishment.

lots of congressional power - 3/5 compromise.

loans to those in needs, poor whites for work, transported yeoman farmer's crops - made white society dependent on them; built support for white supremacy.

justified slavery on moral grounds/positive good - John C. Calhoun, Thomas Dew

yeoman farmers

independent farmers who worked their own plot of land - challenged elites. western wanted gradual abolition of slavery - disadvantaged them. wanted to influence state legislature as they got more rights

african americna rebellion

Haitian Revolution 1804 -> fear among slaveholding elite.

Nat Turner's Rebellion 1831 killed his masters then moved on to others - 57 white people dead; Nat & 55 conspirators convicted and hung; Virginia planters beat/killed slaves in response/out of fear.

Amistad 1839 Spanish slave ship, chef made joke about killing/eating slaves -> captain & chef killed by slaves -> incarcerated & awaiting trial on east coast - went to Supreme Court

United State v The Amistad court in their favor -> set free; stricter rules from slaveholders - no marriage, courts, reading/writing, freeing - justification got harder w/ more rebellions

dorr rebellion

1840.

it raised public awareness of the need for broader democracy, which pressured Rhode Island to adopt a new constitution in 1843 that extended suffrage to all native-born men, regardless of property ownership

Thomas Dorr and followers - formed a "people's party"; drafted a new constitution, set up a new gov in RI -> imprisoned by old gov; attempted to capture state arsenal -> failed; pressure to revise constitution -> increased suffrage

president john tyler sent

abolitionist movement

2nd great awakening -> slavery seen as sinful by some.

william Lloyed Garrison the liberator - look from Black perspective - damage to African Americans; against gradualism/colonizationists; white people should stand up w/ moral persuasion instead of violence -> American Anti-Slavery Society 1833. still radical - slavery should end immediately.

support in north, free blacks, escaped slaves. seen as radical

Frederick Douglass escaped slave, self-taught read/write - the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, North Star - emphasized dehumanization in slavery and in the slaveholders.

David Walker - Walker's appeal - violence. Sojourner Truth - spokeswoman for abolition

corp of discovery

sent by jefferson to explore and map territory in northwest (lewis and clark)

wanted to see what conflicts would happened with people (french, spanish natives- wanted them to assimilate to agrian life styles) 

embargo act 1807. non- intercourse act 1809

jefferson bans international trade as response to napoleonic wars

resulted in econ hardships and people were mad at the way he used fed power especially since he said fed power = bad

replaced embargo act

cut off trade with great britian and france only- somewhat helped econ and no major effects