Intelligence Study Guide - Child & Adolescent Development

What do IQ tests measure?

IQ tests measure verbal reasoning, and visual & spatial problem solving.

Explain the psychometric and triarchic theories

b. Psychometric: Measures traits on which individuals differ, uses spearman’s g and s (special abilities). Measures verbal vs. visual-spatial, and fluid vs. crystallized.

c. Triarchic: Measures how a person processes information. Intelligence comes in three forms: analytical (ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare and contrast), creative (ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine), and practical (ability to use, apply, implement, and put into practice). Ppl with high analytical ability are book smart. Ppl with high creative intelligence are not at the top of their class, they will give unique answers.

What are Gardner’s 8 multiple intelligences?

a. Verbal Skills (ability to think in words and use language to express meaning)

b. Mathematical Skills (ability to carry out mathematical operations)

c. Spatial Skills (ability to think three dimensionally)

d. Bodily-Kinesthetic Skills (ability to manipulate objects and physically adept)

e. Musical Skills (a sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone)

f. Intrapersonal Skills (ability to understand oneself and effectively interact with others)

g. Interpersonal Skills (ability to understand and effectively interact with others)

h. Naturalist Skills (ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural and human-made systems)

What are incremental and entity views of intelligence?

i. Entity views: believe that intelligence is primarily something people are born with that does not change much over time

j. Incremental views: believe that intelligence can grow over time and be improved through hard work

What do infant tests measure and what do they not measure

Infant tests measure development (and how close development is to developmental quotient), not IQ.

What are the tests for intelligence and development?

c. Development:

a. Gesell Developmental Scales (has 4 scales: adaptive, motor, language, personal-social), it is based on the normative sample.

b. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (1-42 months) (has 5 scales, cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior), widely used, it is a suitcase full of toys

d. Intelligence:

a. Binet-Simon Scale (identifies dull kids who needed remedial work)

b. Stanford-Binet (ages 2-90+)

i. Can take up to 2 hrs, 15 subtests

ii. Pros: best test for very high or very low IQ, wide age span, 2 equivalent forms, excellent norms

iii. Cons: lengthy, difficult to administer, lower examiner reliability

c. Wechsler Tests (for adults)

i. Pros: shorter, easier to administer, most used, census-based norms, can compared performance across ages/tests

ii. Cons: not as useful for IQ extremes, important for intellectual disability

What is reliability and validity?

Reliability: Is the outcome consistent?

Validity: Is it measuring what you want it to measure?

What are sources of measurement error?

the person taking the test (ex: get too little sleep), situation (ex: room too hot), examiner (ex: could have behaved weirdly or warned about the test), test content (ex: maybe you were tested on a specific piece of material you didn’t study), time (ex: if more than one IQ test is given in less than a year it won’t measure intelligence but familiarity).

What kinds of research show the influence of heredity and environment?

Concordance Studies, they show that IQ correlations are higher for people you are more related to, but also people you are around more frequently.

Adoption Studies, researchers determine if behavior of adopted children is more like biological parents or their adoptive parents

What are intelligence tests used for currently? What are they not used for currently?

They are used to diagnose problems, rule out IQ problems, and to identify ways to help, they are also used in legal proceedings, and in high IQ societies.

They aren’t used to simply place children into classrooms.

What are the 4 primary explanations for “race” group differences on IQ tests?

Genetic, Test Bias, Motivation, and Environment/SES

Which has received the most research support and which has received the least support

Environment/SES has the most support, while test procedures and motivation may play less substantial roles. Genetic has received the least support.

What 2 factors define intellectual disability (ID)?

Subaverage intellectual functioning (IQ below 70) and poor adaptive behavior skills (low functioning in self-care, safety, communication, etc)

Name and describe the 4 levels of ID

b. Mild (IQ: 55-69)

a. This is the majority. These individuals are self-sufficient and may reach the 3rd-6th grade level.

c. Moderate (IQ: 35-55)

a. These individuals will have developmental delays, will speak in simple sentences, and need a lot of supervision.

d. Severe (IQ: 20-35)

a. These individuals will have large developmental delays, will understand some speech, have routines & supervision, and will have some daily living skills.

e. Profound (IQ: less than 20/25)

a. These individuals will be in nursing care, may not be able to walk or talk, and have poor to no daily living skills.

Explain mental age, Terman’s original version of IQ, and deviation IQ.

a. Mental age is an individual’s level of mental development relative to others.

b. Terman’s original version of IQ was your mental age over your chronological age times 100.

c. Deviation IQ is how we currently measure IQ; kids are measured against their same age peers.

What are the results of the Abecedarian Project?

a. When the children were 3, the experimental groups IQ was 17 points over the control group, as these children turned 15, they still had an IQ around 5 points higher than the control group.