Element Notes

AP Biology

Carbohydrates Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

In a ratio of 1:2:1 ex. C6H12O6

Carbohydrates Building Blocks (Monomers)

Monosacharide (C6H12O6) simple sugars like glucose, Fructose, galactose

Carbohydrates Big Molecules (Polymers)

Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Carbohydrates Function in Living Organisms

“Quick Source of Energy”: Glucose

Stored-up energy for later use: Glycogen (animals), Starch (plants)

Structure: Cellulose in Plant cell walls, Chitin is Fungi cell walls

Carbohydrates Examples

Sugars: Milk-galactose, Fruits-fructose

Grains and Vegetables: starch and cellulose

Human muscles: glycogen

Lipids Building Blocks (Elements)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen

Lipids Big Molecules (Monomers)

Glycerol, Fatty Acids, Steroids

Big Molecules (polymer)

fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids

Lipids Function in Living Organisms

Store Energy “Long Term”:Fats and oils

Part of Cell Membranes: Phospholipids

Waterproof Coverings: Waxes

Chemical Messengers: steroids

Carbohydrates Examples

Oils, Fats, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids

Nucleic Acids Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

Nucleic Acids Building Blocks (Monomers)

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acids Big Molecules (Polymer)

DNA, RNA, ATP

Nucleic Acids Function in Living Organisms

Store Genetic Information: DNA (instructions for making proteins)

Transfer Genetic Information: RNA (copy of DNA that is used to make proteins)

Nucleic Acids Examples

DNA and RNA: are found in the cells of all living things

Proteins Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Proteins Building Blocks (monomers)

Amino Acid

Proteins Big Molecules (polymers)

Polypeptides: Proteins

Proteins Function in Living Organisms

Control the rate of reactions (enzymes)

Regulate cell processes

Form bones and muscles

Part of cell membrane: Transport substances in and out of cells

Fight Disease

Proteins Examples

Lactase, Anylase, Catalase, Insulin, Collagen, Hemoglobin, Keratin, Actin, Myosin, Transport proteins, Antibodies, Immunoglobulin

The bond between Carbohydrate monomers and polymers

Glycosinic Bond

The bond between Lipid monomers and polymers

Ester bond

The bond between Nucleic Acid monomers and polymers

Phosphodiester bond

The bond between protein monomers and polymers

Peptide bond

The process of making monomers into polymers

Dehydration Synthesis

The process of turning a polymer into monomers

Hydrolysis