(Part 1) Communication Final Exam Study Guide

RAH (final time time to lock the fuck in)

Communication definition

Symbols/signs/behaviors transfer info

Comm characteristics

Symbolic
Shared code
Culture
Not ambiguous (Intentional)
Various channels
Transactional (Send/receive)

Competent communication

Effective/appropriate communication

Outcome

Product of interchange

Process

The means of arriving at outcome

Ethics

Study of individual morals

Comm skills

Abilities based on social understandings to achieve goals (ex: Ask raise)

What does competent comm involve?

Technology/ethical decisions/process oriented

Linear comm model

Sender sends msg to receiver through channel/noise

Interaction model

Sender/receiver feedback.
Encoding/decoding through channels/noise

Feedback

Sender → receiver. Receiver can respond

Competent Comm

Interdependent communicators w/contexts/cognition/verbal and nonverbal.

Competent comm aspects

Communicators/relationships/situation/cultural setting

Cultural Context (Outer sphere)

Involves race/gender/religion/nationality

Situational Context (Middle sphere)

Setting/social environment/time/specific event

Relational context (Inner sphere)

Diff relationships (ex: romantic vs familial relationship)

Mediated Communication

Use tech to send message

Digital Communication

Text/images/video/voice to send msg

Media Synchronicity Theory

Diff channels support diff synchronicity levels

Synchronicity

Communicate at same time w/shared pattern of coordinated behavior

What is asynchronous messaging?

Voice mail/fax/snail mail

What can be used both synchronously/asynchronously?

Texting/social media/forums

Richness

Degree of visual/vocal/personality cues/feedback opportunities

What is usually highly synchronous?

In person/video chat/telephone call

Naturalness

Natural communicating

Replicability

Digital messages can be shared w/larger audiences

Social Information Processing Theory

Make up for lack of nonverbal cues through using other cues (ex: emojis)

Perception

Observe people/interpret experiences/form understanding

Social Construction

Schemas are socially constructed perceptions

Schemas

Put together past experiences/info into patterns/expectations

Interaction Appearance Theory

More interaction w/someone → perception changes

Attributions

Judgements we make to explain behavior

Cognition consists of

Self-concept/self-esteem/self-efficacy

Self-esteem

How you feel about your worth

Self-efficacy

Actual success prediction from self-esteem/self-concept

Self-concept

Overall self image

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Prediction changes behavior → outcome more likely to occur

Self actualization

Potential fulfillment/satisfaction

Self-adequacy

Sufficient/acceptable

Self-denigration

Attacking yourself

Identity Management

Share/not share diff. aspects of yourself w/others!

Self-disclosure

Reveal info

Cognitive Language

NOT shared language/use symbols to describe people/things/situations

Functions of Language

Grammar
Comm. acquisition
control
share info
express feelings
creativity
Ritual

Grammar

Rule systems for creating words/phrases/sentences/syntactics

Ritualizing (Language rule)

Routine language (Ex: Goodbye!)

Imagining

Think/play/be creative

Denotative Meaning

Dictionary definition

Connotative meaning

emotional response to word

Evasion

Avoiding details

Equivocation

Purposely using ambiguous words

Euphemism

Neutral phrasing to replace negative phrasing

Hate speech

Insult person based on characteristic

Microaggression

Brief/subtle offensive language

Biased language

Language that reveals positive/negative perceptions about subject

Politically correct language

Replace biased language with neutral terms (Ex: fireman→ firefighter)

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)

Language/identity shape communication in diff. contexts

Speech repertoires

Complex language styles/behaviors/skills

Code switching

change codes depending on situation/group

Language _____ context? (3 things)

Reflects/builds on/determines

Jargon

Specific language for specific group

Nonverbal communication

Signal meaning through behavior (ex: gestures/tone of voice/eye behavior)

Nonverbal communication is intentional AND nonintentional

TRUE

Leakage cues

nonverbal messages leak out unknowingly

Do people trust verbal communication more than nonverbal?

Nope

Channel discrepancy

Multiple channels say different things

Repeating

mirrors verbal message through clear nonverbal cue

Complementing

Enhances verbal message through matching nonverbal behavior

Accenting

Clarify info

Substituting

Use nonverbal instead of verbal

Interaction management

Nonverbal cues that regulate communication

Regulate (nonverbal)

aids verbal interaction coordination

Immediacy

Feeling of closeness

Kinesics

Gestures/body movements

Illustrators

Visually explain message

Emblem

Movements w/basic meaning (Ex: Thumbs up)

Nonverbal communication codes

Gestures/Eyes/facial expressions/voice/appearance

Vocalizations

Laughing/crying/moaning

Haptics

Use of touch

Zones of Personal Space

Chronemics

Perceive/value time