Meiosis
Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that forms gametes Consists of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication Results in four cells with haploid chromosome number
Homologous chromosomes
Paired chromosomes. the same size, shape, and carry genes for the same traits
Diploid
Complete set of paired chromosomes
2n
Haploid
1 chromosome from each homologous pair
1n
Autosomes
All other chromosomes except sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
Determines gender Male= XY Female= XX
Gamete
Reproductive cell Contains haploid # of chromosomes Generated during meiosis
Somatic cell
Body cell Contains diploid # of chromosomes Generated during mitosis
Crossing over
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
Zygote
Diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes (egg and sperm) during fertilization
True-breeding
Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.homozygous
P generation
True-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived. "p" stands for parental
F1 generation
Hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross
Hybrid
Heterozygous
Allele
Different versions of a gene Ex: A or a
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype
Physical traits
Heterozygous
Having different alleles for a gene Ex: Aa
Homozygous
Having identical alleles for a gene Ex: AA or aa
Law of Segregation
Two alleles for a trait separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
Law of Independent Assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation Traits are independent and require own Punnett square
Testcross
Crossing an organism with recessive individual
Monohybrid cross
A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous resulting in 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes
Dihybrid cross
A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for TWO traits resulting in a 9:3:3:1 ratio
Polygenic
Traits that involve multiple genes Ex: eye, skin, and hair color
Multiple allele traits
Traits that have more than two alleles contributing to phenotype Ex: blood type
Sex-linked traits
A gene located on either sex chromosome Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome
Wild-type
Phenotype that most commonly observed in natural populations
Recombinants
Offspring with non-parental phenotypes (new combinations of traits) due to crossing over between linked genes
Recombination frequency
Divide total number of recombinants (non-parental phenotypes) by the total number of offspring
Linked genes
Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together
Linkage map
A genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies
Map units
Distances between genes. one map unit represents a 1% recombination frequency
Nondisjunction
The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during meiosis
Pedigree
A chart or "family tree" that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait