Unit 7 Terms and People

McKinley Tariff

raised duties on Hawaiian sugar; sparked renewed efforts to secure annexation of Hawaii to US

Maine

set to watch over Cuba in 1898; blew up, and Americans blamed it on the Spanish, eager for war

Teller Amendment

proclaimed that when US overthrew SPanish misrule, it would give Cuba freedom

Rough Riders

diverse regiment of Cuban war volunteers organized by Theodore Roosevelt

Anti—Imperialist League

diverse group protesting imperialism of Philippines, strongest in the Northeast; declined in strength when US signed Treaty of Paris (official annexation of Philippines) and hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and US forces

Foraker Act

granted Puerto Rico limited popular government; modeled after in act adopted for Philippines in 1902

Insular Casesi

SC decreed that Constitution did nt fully extend to Puerto Rico and Philippines

Platt Amendment

US pressured Cuban gov to add this to the Constitution limiting treaty—making abilities, controlling debt, and allowing US intervention for restoring order if necessary

Open Door note

diplomatic letters by Sec of State John Hay urging great powers to respect Chinese rights and free, open competition; established Open Door policy to ensure access to Chinese market for US

Boxer Rebellion

uprising in China directed against foreign influence; suppressed by international force including Americans; paved the way for revolution in 1911 that led to the establishment of Republic of China in 1912

Hay—Pauncefote Treaty

signed between US and Britain giving Americans free hand to build canal in Central America; nullified the Clayton—Bulwer Treaty of 1850 that banned Britain and US from gaining territory in Central America

Roosevelt Corollary

policy of “preventitve intervention” to strengthen Monroe Doctrine; US would retain right to intervene in domestic affairs of Latin American nations to restore military and financial order

Gentlemen’s Agreement

response to anti—Japanese tensions on West Coast; Pres TR and Japan compromised in 1907, and Japan agreed to not issue new passports to Japanese citizens seeking employment in US, and Americans agreed to admit family members of Japanese already in US; prevented segregation of Japanese—American schoolchldren in CA

Root—Takahira agreement

agreement where US and Japan agreed to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific and uphold the Open Door in China; credited w/ easing tensions between two nations but weakened US influence over Japanese leadership in China

Josiah Strong

Protestant clergyman who promoted superiority of Anglo

Alfred Thayer Mahan

American naval officer argued that control of sea was key to world dominance; impressed imperialists

Liliuokalani

last queen of Hawaii; defended native Hawaiian self—rule that was responded w/ revolt by white settlers and dethronement

“Butcher” Weyler

Spanish general sent to take down rebellion, sent many civilians into barbed

Dupuy de Lôme

Spanish minister to US who found himself @ center of scandal b/c private letter maligned Pres McKinley made public in 1898

George Dewey

US Commander; captured Manila Bay and Philippines, led to fierce debates about American imperialism

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader who first fought against Spain, later led insurgency against US colonial rule

William H. Taft

civil governor of Philippines under McKinley, became pres of US

John Hay

US ambassador to England when McKinley became president, later served as secretary of state; wrote Open Door note for free economic competition in China

Theodore (“Teddy”) Roosevelt

governor of NY, then VP, then President; won reelection in 1904, lost in 1912 to Woodrow Wilson running as Progressive party candidate

Chapter 28

social gospel

reform movement led by Protestants who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for urban poor; popular at start of 1900s, closely linked to settlement—house movement; brought middle—class, Anglo—Saxon service volunteers into contact w/ immigrants and working people

Muckrakers

reporters that boosted circulation of their magazines by exposing widespread corruption in US; exposed business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, illegal deeds of trusts; helped spur passage of reform legislation

Initiative

progressive reform measure that let voters petition of have law placed on general ballot; brought democracy directly “to the people,” helped foster shift toward interest group politics, away from old political machines

Referendum

progressive reform procedure that let voters vote about bill for final approval after being passed by legislature

Recall

progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office

Australian ballot

system allowing voters privacy during voting to counteract boss rule

Muller v. Oregon

SC validated constitutionality of limiting hours of women workers; established different standard for male and female workers

Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire

in NY, 146 workers died; found out it could have been avoided by adhering to proper fire codes, sparked legislation to improve workplace safety

Elkins Act

law passed by Congress to penalize railroads and customers that engaged in rebates; strengthened Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Meat Inspection Act

passed by Congress to subject meat shipped interstate to federal inspection; was inspired by Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle about Chicago slaughterhouse poor conditions

Pure Food and Drug Act

passed by Congress to inspect and regulate labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals for human consumption

dollar diplomacy

Taft’s policy of supporting US investments and political interests abroad; ex. Financing railways in China; denounced by Wilson, but he still sought to advance US international economic interests

Payne—Aldrich Bill

aimed to lower tariffs but was revised to retain high rates on most things; angered progressive Reps b/c they had voted for him because he promised lower rates

New Nationalism

TR’s reform program during Bull Moose pres campaign; preferred regulatory agencies instead of taking down trusts and labor unions

New Freedom

Wilson’s reform platform for stronger antitrust legislation that valued small businesses and took down monopolies; wanted to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than government regulation

Ida Tarbell

muckraker; published exposé of Standard Oil Company; later purchased the American Magazine to make it a journalistic podium for their campaign of honest government and end of business abuses

Eugene Debs

founder of the Socialist party and labor leader, fought for presidency from jail b/c spending time there due to Espionage and Sedition Acts

Jacob A. Riis

police reporter and pioneering photographer who exposed poor tenement living in his 1890 book How the Other Half Lives; led to establishment of “model tenements” in NYC

Robert M. (“Fighting Bob”) La Follette

progressive Republican leader

Florence Kelley

fought for women’s and labor rights; was Illinois’ first chief factory inspector and leader of the National Consumers League, an organization dedicated to improving working conditions for women and children; later helped found the NAACP

Frances E. Willard

leader of Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol; had “do everything” reform sensibility that encouraged women to fight for radical causes like women’s suffrage and also non—radical things like only temperance work

Gifford Pinchot

head of the federal Division of Forestry and a conservationist; wanted to protect and use natural resources

John Muir

naturalist aimed at protecting natural “temples” like the Hetch Hetchy Valley from development; founded Sierra Club for influential conservation

Chapter 29

Underwood Tariff

provided substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax; by 1917, revenue from the tax surpassed receipts from the tariff

Federal Reserve Act

established Federal Reserve Banks and Federal Reserve Board to regulate banking and create stability in banking

Federal Trade Commission Act

empowered a presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce

Clayton Anti—Trust Act

law extending the anti—trust protections of the Sherman Anti—Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints

Jones Act

established territorial status of Philippines and promised independence as soon as a “stable gov” was established; not granted till 1946

Central Powers

Germany and Austria—Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria

Allies

Great Britain, Russia, France, later joined by Italy, Japan, US

U—boats

German submarines; their attacks played an important role in drawing the US into WWI

Lusitania

British passenger ship that sank after it was torpedoed by Germany in 1915; killed 128 Americans and pushed the US closer to war

Zimmermann note

German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman secretly proposed German

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s proposal to ensure peace after WWI, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self—determination, and a league of nations

Committee on Public Information

gov office led by George Creel dedicated to winning everyday Americans’ support for the war; distributed prowar propoganda and sent out army of “four—minute me” to rally crowds

Espionage Act

law prohibiting interference w/ draft and other acts of national “disloyalty;” created climate unfriendly to civil liberties

Schenck v. United States

SC decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, claiming it could be taken when it posed a clear and present danger to the nation

War Industries Board

coordinated industrial production during WWI; set production quotas, allocated raw materials, pushed companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste

Great Migration

movement of 6 mil African AMericans from rural South to urban North in two major waves: the first, during WWI till the Great Depression, and the second, from 1940—1970

Nineteenth Amendment

enacted in 1920 and gave women the right to vote

Sheppard—Towner Maternity Act

provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of the government in family welfare

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

US Army force deployed to Europe, composed mostly of conscripts; by the time the AEF was deployed, there was only one year left in the war; its major engagements were Saint Mihiel and Meuse—Argonne

League of Nations

world organization of national governments proposed by Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919; was objected by isolationists

Treaty of Versailles

blamed the war on Germany as justification for forcing German disarmament and saddling Germany w/ heavy reparations payments to Allies; Germans detested the treaty as too harsh, the French thought it was too weak, and the US rejected it b/c most were against joining the League of Nations

Irreconcilables

led by William Borah and Hirman Johnson; hard—core group of militant isolationists opposed to the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after WWI; prevented the US participation in the League of Nations

Arthur Zimmermann

German foreign secretary during WWI, wrote the Zimmermann note

George Creel

journalist and head of the Committee on Public Information

Eugene V. Debs

socialist leader and union leader; convicted under WWI Espionage Act and sentenced to 10 years; ran for president from jail

William D. (“Big Bill”) Haywood

leader of the Industrial Workers of the World and the Socialist Party of America

Herbert C. Hoover

Quaker—humanitarian who led the Food Administration; during the 1920s, he became the secretary of commerce, promoting economic modernization and responsible leadership by business to hold off further expansion of gov power; president during Great Depression

Alice Paul

suffragist and anti—war activist; co—founded the National Woman’s party to oppose US involvement in WWI, and launched movement for Equal Rights Amendment to Constitution

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican Senator and chair of Foreign Relations Committee