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Adverse effects
side effects that aren’t the intended therapeutic effects and may be unpleasant or dangerous
Brand/trade name
a name given to a drug made by a specific company (e.g. Tylenol)
Chemical name
a name that reflects the chemical structure of the drug
Drugs
chemicals introduced into the body to cause a change
Generic name
a name that’s not associated with a single manufacturer; usually related to the chemical (e.g. acetaminophen)
Off-label uses
uses of a drug that are not the original therapeutic indications for which the drug was created (but these new uses may lead to new indications for that drug!)
Orphan drugs
drugs that aren’t profitable enough for a drug company to develop independently (usually because they only treat a small patient population)
OTC drugs
drugs available without prescription for self-treatment + are generally safe when used correctly
Pharmacology
the study of drugs that alter the functions of living organisms
Pharmacotherapy
the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of disease using drugs (chemicals)
Phase I study
the first study of a potential drug using a small number of healthy volunteers; more tightly controlled
Phase II study
a study of a proposed drug using a small number of actual patients with the relevant disorder
Phase III study
a study of a proposed drug on a larger sample of patients who have the relevant disease to test the benefits and monitor side effects
Phase IV study
continuous evaluation of a drug after it’s been released for marketing
Preclinical trials
trials not done on humans
Teratogenic
having adverse effects on all phases of development inside the womb
Natural drugs
derived from plants, animal products, and inorganic compounds
Synthetic drugs
developed synthetically after chemicals in natural sources
Schedule I controlled substance
no accepted medical use (e.g. heroin)
Schedule II controlled substance
high abuse potential w/ no refills (e.g. opiods)
Schedule III controlled substances
less potential for abuse but may lead to dependence (e.g. anabolic steriods + some stimulants/depressants)
Schedule IV controlled substances
some potential for abuse (e.g. appetite suppressants)
Schedule V controlled substance
some restrictions about amount + recordkeeping (e.g. needing a DL to buy dayquil)
Category A drugs (pregnancy)
no known risk w/ adequate studies
Category B drugs (pregnancy)
no adequate studies OR studies haven’t demonstrated a risk to the baby during embryonic stage (1st semester) but no evidence beyond that
Category C drugs (pregnancy)
animal studies show an adverse effect, no adequate studies in humans, or the benefits might occasionally outweigh the risk?
Category D drugs (pregnancy)
evidence of human fetal risk BUT the benefits far outweigh the risk
Category X drugs (pregnancy)
studies show significant evidence of fetal risk, so the risk far outweighs any possible benefit
Prescription drugs
require a written order from a licensed healthcare provider
BTC (behind-the-counter) drugs
don’t require prescriptions but have more restrictions than OTC
Beers criteria
potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults that cause adverse effects + poor health outcomes
Why are most drugs manufactured in laboratories?
lab manufacturing allows for standardization
What are examples of complementary and alternative therapy?
herbal drinks, acupuncture, etc.
What are two types of drug effects?
local → topicals; act at the site of application
systemic → circulate through the blood stream
What should the primary focus of the nurse be while administering drugs?
keeping the patient safe!
TRUE or FALSE: you should provide teaching before administering medication to a patient who has had the drug before.
true; always give teaching!
What are some nursing responsibilities regarding drug therapy?
administering drugs
assessing side effects
changing the drug regimen to make it more tolerable
providing patient teaching
monitoring the patient’s care plan to prevent medication errors (e.g. polypharmacy)
TRUE or FALSE: the effectiveness + adverse effects of a drug continues to be monitored during phase IV.
true; it will always continue to be monitored
TRUE or FALSE: schedule V drugs can be bought at the store.
true
TRUE or FALSE: category X drugs can be safely given to a pregnant woman.
false; it is the most harmful category of drugs for pregnancy!
What are the 11 rights of medication administration?!
right dose
right drug
right patient
right route
right time
right reason
right documentation
right patient education
right evaluation
right assessment
right to refuse the drugs
