LRNR - The Chemical Level of Organization

matter

physical substance, that which occupies space and has mass

mass

amount of matter

weight

its mass coeffected by the pull of gravity

element

pure substance that is distinguished from other matter by the fact that it cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means

compound

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

oxygen (O)

an important part of water which is used for hydration, cell respiration and generation of energy or ATP, breath oxygen which is carried into the lungs from which the blood cells deliver it to various parts of the body

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is released at certain times which help in fighting infectious agents

carbon (C)

backbone fro all biological macromolecules (carbs, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids), energy source for every cell in the body is mostly made of carbon, cells are mostly made of carbon

hydrogen (H)

an important constitute of water and stomach acids as well, element is released during pyruvate fermentation

nitrogen (N)

a vital component in proteins and amino acids

iron (Fe)

important constitute in hemoglobin, cytochrome, metalloproteins and catalase

sodium (Na)

part of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in cells, action potential for nerve cells, maintenance of pH, osmotic balance and BP

sulphur (S)

important component of some amino acids, cofactors and proteins such as biotin, cytesine, vitamin B1, etc.

phosphorus (P)

backbone of a cell membrane, DNA, ATP, important for the robustness of bones and teeth

potassium (K)

part of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in cells, action potential for nerve cells, maintenance of pH, osmotic balance and BP, vital for renal functioning, carbohydrate metabolism, electrolyte balance, hormone secretion and action

calcium (Ca)

calcium is vital for bone strength muscle contraction, blood clotting, electrolyte balance, enzyme cofactors

chlorine (Cl)

helpful for maintenance of water/electrolyte balance, important for some type Sof ATPase, an important component of the stomach acid (HCl)

magnesium (Mg)

important DNA/RNA/ATP synthesis, nearly 300 enzymes require magnesium for functioning

atom

smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element

proton

positive charge

electrol

subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mas, found orbiting the atoms nucleus

neutron

heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atoms nucleus

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

mass number

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

isotope

is one of the different forms of an element, distinguished from one another by different numbers of neutrons

radioactive isotopes

is an isotope whose nucleus readily decays, giving off subatomic particles and electromagnetic energy

(heavy isotopes who have an abnormal about of neutrons therefore they are more stable, radioactive isotopes fall under this)

electron shell

layer of electrons that encircle the nucleus at a distinct energy level

valence shell

an atoms outermost electron shell, can dictate if an atom is stable with a full ring or unstable when it is not full

bond

weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity

molecule

two or more atoms covalently bonded together

compound

substance composed of 2+ different elements by chemical bond

ion

an atom that has electrical change whether positive or negative

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

ionic bond

an ongoing close association between ions of opposite charge

covalent bond

chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valance shells

polar molecule

moleculre with regions that have opposite changes resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms

hydrogen bonding

dipole - dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted

cohesion

adjacent water molecules are connected by hydrogen atoms staying together

also leads to higher surface tension

metabolism

the sum total of all of the chemical reactions that go on to maintain that organisms’ health

chemical energy

form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stores as they are maintained, and released as they are

• neither created nor destroyed, rather it is converted from one from to another

kinetic energy

energy that matter possesses because of its motion

potential energy

stores energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components

• in the human body potential energy is stores in the bonds between atoms and molecules

exergonic

chemical reactions that released more energy than they absorb

ex: example is catabolism of foods in an energy bar

endergonic

chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release

mechanical energy

stored in physical systems such as machines, engines, or the human body, directly powers the movement of matterr

radiant energy

energy emitted and transmitted as waves rather than matter, waves vary in length (microwaves to gamma waves)

• ex: UV convert a compounds in skill cells to vitamin D

  • ex: human eye sees wavelengths that comprise the colors of the rainbow

electrical energy

supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids, contributes to the voltage changes that help transmit impulses in nerve and muscle cells

reactant

one or more substances that enter into the reaction

product

one or more substances produced by a chemcial reaction

catabolism

molecules or ions or atoms combine together to from larger molecules, often are exergonic

anabolism

molecules or ions or atoms combine together to form larger molecules, often endergonic

exchange reaction

a reaction comprising of both decomposition and synthesis reactions

a + bc → ab + c

free radical (simply radical)

an ion or molecule or an atom that has unbalanced or unpaired valence electrons, this makes a radical unstable or highly reactive

concentration

number of particles within a given space

temperature

the higher the temperature the faster the particles move, the more likely to come into contact with one another

catalyst

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process

enzyme

a catalyst composed of protein or RNA, work by lowering the level of energy that needs to be invested in a chemical reaction

inorganic compound

substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

organic compound

substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

water

70% of an adults body weight, component of many of the body’s lubricating fluids, protects cells and organs from physcial trauma, cushioning, heat sink, UNIVERSAL SOLVENT

heat sink

is a substance or object that absorbs an dissipates heat but does not experience a corresponding increase in temperature

solution

consists of a solvent that dissolves a substance into a solute

colloid

liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light

suspension

liquid mixture in which a heavier substance is suspended temporarily in a liquid, but over time, settles out

dehydration synthesis

reacts gives up an atom of hydrogen and another reactant gives up a hydroxyl group (OH), water is a byproduct

hydrolysis

molecule of water disrupts a compound, breaking its bonds, water is spilt into O and OH

acid

a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)

base

substance that releases hydroxyl ions in solution

buffer

solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids

hydroxyl

-O-H-

polar, component of all 4 organic compounds, are involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

carboxyl

O-C-OH

found within fatty acids, amino acids, and many other acids

amino

-N-H2

amino groups are found within amino acids, the building blocks of proteins

methyl

C-H3

methyl groups are found within amino acids

phosphate

P-O4²-

phosphate groups are found within phospholipids and nucleotides

macromolecules

large molecule formed by covalent bonding

carbohydrate

class of organic compounds-built form sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio

breakdown of glucose for energy using ATP

polysaccharides

compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonder by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds

monossacharides

monomer of carbohydrates

lipids

class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water

triglycerides

MVitamin D

Helps in calcium absorption, essential for healthy bones

Cholesterol

Important component of the cell membrane, helps in production of bile salts and sex hormones

adrenocortical hormones

helps in protecting the body during stress enables water uptake by the kidney’s aids in glucose metabolism

Vitamin K

vital for blood clotting, calcium level regulation, lowers blood pressure, useful for bone metabolism

carotenes

counters the effect of reactive oxygen specific (ROS) (antioxidant) some carotene types possess anti0cancer properties v

Vitamin A

vital for vision, gene transcription, immunity *enhances T cell proliferation and differentiation) maintenance of skin health

Vitamin E

A fat-soluble antioxidant regulates enzyme activity

phospholipid

bond between the glycerol component of a lipid and a phosphorous molecule

protein

an organic molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, (CHONS)

primary structure

sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain

secondary structure

form of an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet, maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in different regions of the original polypeptide strand

tertiary structure

occurs as a result of further folding and bonding of the secondary strcuture

quaternary structure

occurs as a result of interactions between two or more tertiary subunits

denaturation

change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

specificity

enzyme interacts only with a particular substrate

phosphorylation

addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound