learning

classical conditioning

involuntary; involves associating two unrelated stimuli

operant conditioning

voluntary; association between behavior and its consequence

unconditioned stimulus

produces a natural, automatic response

unconditioned stimulus example

food, hot burner

unconditioned response

natural response to US

unconditioned response example

salivating, pulling hand back

conditioned stimulus (previously the NS)

produces response by pairing with US

conditioned stimulus example

light causes hand to pull back, bell for food

conditioned response

learned response to CS (should be same/similar as UR)

conditioned response example

salivating

standard-pairing

CS right before US (most effective)

backward conditioning

US then CS (very prone to extinction and not effective)

extinction

a CR goes away (can always come back)

how is extinction achieved

presenting the CS without the US again

shaping

way of teaching behavior that’s not likely to happen on its own by reinforcing steps in the right direction

successive approximations

behaviors that’re getting closer to desired behavior (steps in the right direction)

spontaneous recovery

after extinction → with the presentation of the CS; CR reappears

stimulus generalization

exhibiting same response to a stimulus that is similar to CS

stimulus generalization example

salivating to Pavlok

stimulus discrimination

not exhibiting same response to similar stimulus

stimulus discrimination example

hating a teacher, but not then hating all teachers

behavior modification

using conditioning techniques to modify behavior (clip up/down charts)

observational learning

learning by watching and imitating

counterconditioning

undoing conditioning to make new (usually a positive) association

insight

occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning

insight example

aha moment