pharma

Vocabulary flashcards generated strictly from lecture notes on General Veterinary Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, covering key terminology, historical figures, regulatory frameworks, plant sources, and chemical constituents.

Pharmacology (Goodman & Gilman)

The branch of medicine and biology that studies the interactions between drugs and living organisms, including mechanisms of action, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics.

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

The branch of pharmacology examining the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body, including drug-receptor interactions and mechanisms of action.

Pharmacokinetics (PK)

The branch of pharmacology focusing on how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) by the body.

Toxicology

The branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems.

Pharmacy

The profession and science of preparing, dispensing, and reviewing drugs for therapeutic use.

Bio Assay

Estimation of the concentration or potency of a substance by measurement of the biological response that it produces.

Clinical Trials

A method for objectively comparing, by a prospective study, the results of two or more therapeutic procedures.

Pharmacognosy (Wagner & Bladt, 2001)

The study of crude drugs obtained from natural sources—plants, animals, and minerals—and their chemical constituents.

Pharmacogenomics

An emerging field exploring how genetic variation influences drug response, aiming to develop personalized medicine based on individual genetic profiles.

Basic Pharmacology

The study of drug action in healthy animals or experimental models to understand drug behavior and effects.

Clinical Pharmacology

The application of pharmacological principles in diseased animals or human patients in real-world clinical situations.

Paracelsus

Renaissance Swiss physician (1492–1541) who introduced the clinical use of opium and tinctures, famous for the dictum that the dose separates a poison from a remedy.

Pen Tsao

An ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia compiled around 2700 B.C. during the reign of Emperor Shennung, representing one of the earliest recorded compilations of medicinal substances.

Kahun Papyrus

An ancient Egyptian text from 2000 B.C. containing prescriptions for treating uterine diseases and veterinary medical concerns.

Ebers Papyrus

An ancient Egyptian document from 1150 B.C. containing over 800 prescriptions covering salves, plasters, pills, and other remedies.

Dioscorides

A student of Aristotle who compiled the first true materia medica in 77 A.D., detailing therapeutic substances and their uses.

Galen

Roman physician (131–201 A.D.) whose works served as the authoritative materia medica for over 1,400 years and who introduced the concept of humors.

Rudolph Buchheim

Pharmacologist who established the first true experimental pharmacology laboratory in the mid-18th century.

Oswald Schmiedeberg

Student of Rudolph Buchheim who elevated pharmacology into an independent scientific discipline by linking chemical structure to drug effectiveness.

John Jacob Abel

Student of Oswald Schmiedeberg who held the first full-time U.S. professorship in pharmacology in 1908.

Professor Leo (L.) Meyer Jones

Author who published the first edition of a seminal veterinary pharmacology textbook in 1954; regarded as the 'Father of Modern Veterinary Pharmacology.'

Dr. Abelardo Aguilar

Philippine scientist who discovered erythromycin (brand name: Ilosone) in 1949 in Iloilo.

Dr. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz & Dr. Baldomero Olivera

Philippine scientists who discovered conotoxins from marine cone snails during the 1970s and 1980s.

Dr. Teodulo M. Topacio, Jr.

National Scientist for Veterinary Medicine (2009) who helped develop an antibacterial regimen for leptospirosis among domesticated animals.

R.A. No. 6675

The Generics Act of 1988, which promotes the use of generic drug alternatives that are equivalent in efficacy and safety to branded medications.

R.A. No. 9165

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, regulating the control, classification, scheduling, and enforcement of controlled substances in the Philippines.

R.A. No. 9502

Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act of 2008, mandating the creation and regular updating of the Philippine National Formulary.

R.A. No. 10918

Pharmacy Law of 2016, updating regulations on the practice of pharmacy and the operation of drug establishments.

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

A private, non-profit organization founded in 1820 to set standards for the identity, strength, quality, and purity of pharmaceutical substances.

CLSI – VAST

The Veterinary Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of CLSI, established in 1993 to set global standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in animal pathogens.

Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)

Philippine government body under the Department of Agriculture that collaborates with the FDA to regulate veterinary drug registration, imports, and safe usage guidelines.

Organized Drugs

Natural drug products derived directly from plant parts that consist of cellular tissues, such as leaves, seeds, and bark.

Unorganized Drugs

Natural drug products prepared through intermediary processes like drying or extraction that do not contain cellular tissue, such as juices, latex, gums, and resins.

Extra-label Drug

The use of an approved drug in a manner not in accordance with its official label directions regarding species, route, dose, or indication.

International Nonproprietary Name (INN)

The official generic, nonproprietary name assigned to an active pharmaceutical substance by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1953.

INN Stem

A common syllable in a generic drug name used to identify its pharmacological or chemical class (e.g., -olol for beta blockers).

Modified INN (INNM)

An official name variant used when an active pharmaceutical ingredient is formulated as a salt, ester, or related derivative.

Salix alba

White Willow Bark, the natural plant source of salicin/salicylic acid used to develop acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

Digitalis purpurea

Foxglove, the natural plant source of cardiac glycosides such as Digoxin used in heart disease treatment.

Artemisia annua

Sweet Wormwood, the plant source of artemisinin, isolated by Tu Youyou for the treatment of malaria.

Taxus brevifolia

Pacific Yew, the natural plant source of the diterpenoid anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol).

Crotalus durissus

Brazilian Pit Viper, whose venom peptide inspired the development of captopril, the first ACE inhibitor.

Heloderma suspectum

Gila Monster, whose saliva peptide inspired the development of exenatide for managing type 2 diabetes.

Secondary Metabolites

Organic compounds produced by living organisms that are not directly involved in normal growth, development, or reproduction, but possess significant biological activity.

Alkaloids

Naturally occurring nitrogen-containing organic compounds primarily found in plants, often having pronounced physiological effects and names ending in '-ine'.

Flavonoids

Polyphenolic plant compounds responsible for yellow, red, or blue pigmentation in flowers and known for antioxidant properties.

Tannins

Astringent polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins, causing a dry, puckery feeling in the mouth.

Glycosides

Molecules in which a sugar moiety is bound to a non-carbohydrate organic molecule.

Terpenoids

The largest class of plant secondary metabolites (~60%), constructed from five-carbon isoprene units.

Essential Oils

Concentrated hydrophobic liquids containing volatile aromatic compounds from plants, primarily consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.

Dextran

A carbohydrate produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides bacteria during sucrose fermentation, used as a plasma volume expander.

Heparin

A naturally occurring anticoagulant derived from animal mucosal tissues (pig intestine/cattle lung) that enhances antithrombin III activity.

Chondroitin Sulfate

A structural component of cartilage derived from sharks and bovines, commonly used in supplements for treating osteoarthritis.

Mannitol

A polyol derived from flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus) or seaweeds, used clinically as an osmotic diuretic.

Ethnopharmacology

The scientific field exploring traditional uses of natural products in indigenous cultures and validating indigenous knowledge through scientific methods.