language of medicine ch. 11

Arteries

lead away from the heart (thick walled)

Veins

lead toward the heart (thinner walled vessels)

Capillaries

smallest vessels, allows for exchange for oxygen, nutrients, and waste products coming from the body cells

Pulse

heart beat that people feel against artery vessels

Pulmonary artery

carries oxygen poor blood from heart to lungs

Pulmonary vein

carries oxygen rich blood from lungs to heart

Tricuspid valve

between right atrium and ventricle

Pulmonary valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

mitral valve

between left atrium and ventricle

aortic valve

between left ventricle and aorta

heart sounds

lubb-dubb

sound of lubb

closure of tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning go systole

sound of dubb

closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at end of systole

murmur

abnormal heart sound caused by improper valve closure or leaking

diastole

relaxation, tricuspid/mitral open and pulmonary/aortic close

systole

contraction; pulmonary/aortic open and tricuspid/mitral value close

pacemaker of the heart

origin of electrical impulse causing walls of the atria to contract and force blood into ventricles

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers called the AV bundle or Bundle of His

Bundle of His

helps form conduction of my-fibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, pacemaker begins wave of excitation again

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

the record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscles as the heart beats

P-wave

spread of exception wave over the atria leading to atrial contraction

QRS wave

spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as ventricles contract

T-wave

electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles

Bradycardia

very slow heart rate resulting in fatigue weakness and dizziness

Atrial flutter

rapid, but regular contractions of heart, usually of atria

Fibrillation

random, rapid, inefficient and irregular contractions of atria or ventricles

Tachycardia

very fast heart rate leading to overload work and need for more oxygen

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA)

Congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

a small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

a hole in the wall separating the upper chambers of the heart (atria)

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the 2 lower chambers of the heart (right and left ventricles)

BNP

a substance secreted from the ventricles in response to changes in pressure that occurs when heart failure develops

ischemia

blocked blood flow

infarction

death in a tissue or muscle due to obstruction of blood circulation

acute coronary syndromes (ACS)

consequences after plaque ruptures in coronary arteries

myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack; blood flow stops at a part of the heart causing damage to heart muscle

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)

angioplasty with stent; non-surgical procedure that uses a catheter to place a stent which opens up blood vessels

cardiac catheterization

insertion of catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart & procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions

Endarterectomy

surgical procedure to remove the atheromatous plaque material, or blockage, in the lining of an artery

blood pressure

the force that blood exerts on arteries due to hardening of blood vessels

Mitral Valve Prolapse

displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole

mitral regurgitation

a disorder of the heart in which the mitral valve does not close properly when the heart pumps out blood

mitral stenosis

narrowing of the mitral valve opening that normally blocks blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium; stabbing chest pain

Aneurysm

a localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

formation of a blood clot within a deep vein, predominantly the legs

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Stroke; disruption of normal blood supply to brain

3 Main Strokes

Hemorrhagic, Embolic and Thrombotic

Hemorrhagic

blood vessel, such as cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs

Embolic

a dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries

Thrombotic

a blood clot in an artery heading to the brain

Raynaud’s Disease

excessively reduced blood flow in response to cold or emotional stress, causing discoloration of fingers and toes

Varicose Veins

veins that have become enlarged and twisted commonly in the legs

VLDL

enables fats and cholesterol to move within the bloodstream

LDL

referred to as bad cholesterol because it transports fat contents into the artery walls driving atherosclerosis

HDL

healthy cholesterol because they can remove fat molecule from the wall arteries

angi/o

vessel

ather/o

yellow-plaque

phleb/o

vein

sphygm/o

pulse

steth/o

chest

-emia

blood condition

-megaly

enlargement

-meter

measure

-osis

condition, usually abnormal

-sclerosis

hardening