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What are the three main branches of modern genetics?

Transmission genetics, evolutionary genetics, and molecular genetics.

What is the basic unit of heredity?

Gene.

Define genotype.

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Define phenotype.

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

What does PCR stand for?

Polymerase Chain Reaction.

What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?

During gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate, so each gamete receives only one allele.

What is a test cross used for?

To determine the genotype of an individual with an unknown genotype by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual.

What is the primary difference between hypothesis testing and discovery-based science?

Hypothesis testing starts with a specific question or potential answer, while discovery-based science aims to explore and discover without a preconceived hypothesis.

What is epistasis?

The interaction of genes that are not alleles, in particular the suppression of the effect of one gene by another.

What is a gamete?

A sex cell; in plants and animals, an egg or sperm.

What is the human genome size?

3.3 billion base pairs.

What is the role of the centromere in cell division?

It is the region of a chromatid that contains the kinetochore, where spindle fibers attach during mitosis.

What are homologous chromosomes?

Chromosomes that are similar in morphology and genetic constitution, containing the same genes arranged in the same order.

What is a pedigree?

A family tree used to trace the inheritance of traits in humans and some animals.

What is meant by the term 'autosome'?

A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Define dominant allele.

A variant of a gene that expresses itself more strongly than other versions of the gene.

What is pleiotropy?

A single gene affecting multiple traits.

What is binary fission?

A type of asexual reproduction where a cell splits into two identical daughter cells.

What is the general size of typical eukaryotic cells?

10-100 microns in diameter.

What occurs during crossing-over?

The breaking and rejoining of homologous (nonsister) chromatids during early meiotic prophase I that results in an exchange of genetic material.

What is the process of meiosis?

A process in which a diploid cell undergoes two successive nuclear divisions, potentially producing four haploid nuclei.

Name a common characteristic shared by model organisms in genetics research.

Quick generation time.