Nutrient Procurement and Gas Exchange in Plants and Animals

pH and particle size range that will have the most avalibility of nutrients

• Ph: 6-7

• particle size: smaller particles

  • Clay + organic compounds

    • have more SA for nutrients

Cation Exchange

roots use cations such as H+ and release them into the soil so useful cations suchas K+, Ca+, and Mg+ leach into the roots

9 macro nutrients required in plants

• Carbon (CO2)

• Oxygen (CO2)

• Hydrogen (H2O)

• Nitrogen (NO3 -, NH4 +)

• Potassium (K +)

• Calcium (Ca 2+)

• Magnesium (Mg 2+)

• Phosphorus (H3PO4 -, HPO4 2-)

• Sulfur (SO4 2-)

macro nutrients that form organic compounds for plant’s structure

• Carbon (CO2)

• Oxygen (CO2)

• Hydrogen (H2O)

• Nitrogen (NO3 -, NH4 +)

• Magnesium (Mg 2+)

• Phosphorus (H3PO4 -, HPO4 2-)

macronutrient that contributes the most to a plants growth 

Nitrogen

how is atmospheric nitrogen made avalible to plants

nitrogen cycle

nitrogen cycle

1. N2 is taken into the soil via nitrogen-fixing bacteria and converted to ammonia (NH3)

2. The ammonia becomes ammonium (NH4 +) via ammonifying bacteria (can be sent to the roots) or by gaining a H+ from the soil

3. Nitrifying bacteria turn ammonium into nitrite and then nitrate → can come from weathering of rocks too

4. Nitrate is then sent to the roots or denitrifying bacteria, which recycle it and put nitrogen back into the atmosphere

humus

decomposing dead organic material

mycorrhizae

symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi. The fungus extends the roots of the plant, improving nutrient and water uptake. Fungus then gets carbohydrates from photosynthesis.

nutrient rec for plants

• Calcium

• Phosphorus

• Sulfer

what are root nodules in Legumes

specialized swellings on plant roots that house Rhizobia bacteria, which form a symbiotic relationship with the legume plant

how are root nodules formed

1. roots emit a chemical signal to attract Rhizobium bacteria, Rhizobium bacteria release a chemical signal that makes the plant root grow an infection thread

2. The Rhizobium then enters the root cortex, and the pericycle and cortex cells begin dividing 

3. growth from both types of cells intermesh into one growth

4. plants then develop vascular tissue to send the nodule nutrients

5. Nodule becomes large, and lignin-rich sclerenchyma cells form a ring around it to create an anaerobic environment for the bacteria to do nitrogen fixation

   

What do legumes get from their symbiosis with Rhizobium and vice versa

• a reliable supply of nitrogen for the plant 

• carbohydrates and mineral nutrients

what is the role of root hairs in enhancing water and mineral absorption?

increases surface area

required nutrients for plants and animals 

• Ca

• K

• P

• S

• Mg 

• Cl

can the human body synthesize all amino acids 

No, humans can only synthesize half of the 20 total AAs and must obtain the remaining essential amino acids from the diet

complete vs incomplete proteins 

complete proteins contain all 9 essential AAs while incomplete lack one or more of the essential AAs

Are animal proteins complete or incomplete 

complete, contain all 9 essential AAs

Vitamin definition

• organic molecules that are required in the diet in small amounts 

What is the function of the water-soluble vitamins? 

maintaining bodily functions

• energy production, red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, immune function, collagen synthesis, and nervous system health

Is a vitamin for one organism necessarily a vitamin for another organism

No, a substance is only considered a vitamin for a particular species if that species cannot synthesize it

herbivore

only eats plants

carnivore

only eats meat

omnivore

can eat both

4 main feeding mechanisms

filter feeding

• strain large quantities of small organisms

substrate feeders 

• animals that live in or on their food source 

Fluid feeders

• suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host 

Bulk feeding 

• eating realitivly large pieces of food

intracellular digestion

When the cell breaks down its food using lysosomes in the cytoplasm

extracellular digestion

when a cell breaks down its food outside mechanically or with acid to make them into smaller absorbable pieces

what type of digestion do humans use

extracellular

4 stages of food processing

• ingestion 

• digestion 

• absorbtion

• elimination

qualities of a efficient digestive system

has a seperate entrance and exit and is made up of section that are specialiized for different functions 

which type of digestion is more efficient and why

Extracellular digestion because it allows for a division of laborbetween different cells that will have a specialized role in the digestion

• rule for all multicellular animals

gastrovascular cavity vs complete digestive tract

Gastrovascular cavity has only one opening and does all functions of food processing, while a complete digestive tract has two and specialized sections 

Hydra sites of:

• ingestion

• digestion

• absorbtion

• elimination

• ingestion: Mouth

• Digestion: Gastrovascular Cavity

• Absorption: Gastrodermis

• Elimination: Mouth

Earthworms’ sites of:

• ingestion 

• digestion 

• absorbtion

• elimination

• Ingestion: Mouth

  • sucked in with the muscular pharynx

• digestion: muscular gizzard → intestines

• absorption: intestines

• elimination: Anus

Grasshopper sites of:

• ingestion 

• digestion 

• absorption

• elimination

• Ingestion: Mouth

  • stored in the crop

• digestion: Midgut

  • performed by the gastric Ceca

• absorption: gastric Ceca

• elimination: Anus

Bird sites of:

• ingestion 

• digestion 

• absorption

• elimination

• ingestion: mouth

  • stored in the crop

• digestion: stomach and gizzards → intestines  

• absorption: intestines 

• elimination: anus 

mechanical digestion

the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles without changing its chemical composition

chemical digestion

the process of breaking down large, complex food molecules into smaller, simpler molecules that the body can absorb and use

Ph of the stomach 

1.5 to 3.5 

Why the stomach and small intestines are not digested by the enzymes they store and secrete

• thick mucus lining

• secretion of digestive protein in an inactive form so that they activated later in the highly acidic environment of the enzymes

how are the small intestines adapted for its function of digestion and absorption 

large surface area

• have vili and microvili 

• significant length

• internal circular folds

hard palate

bony part of the roof of the mouth

soft palate

muscular part of the roof of the mouth

incisors

front teeth

pharynx 

beggining of the esophagus and links the nasal cavity with the oral cavity

composed of:

• nasopharynx

• oropharynx

• hypopharynx

epiglottis

flap of cartilage that covers the the trachea.

• ensures that food goes down the esophagus

glottis

vocal cords

salivary glands

3 pairs 

• parotid

• sublingual 

• submandibular 

produce saliva

thyroid gland 

A gland that produces T3 and T4, which are involved in regulating growth,  metabolism, and  development

esophagus

transport tube for food to the stomach

• has an esophageal sphincter that closes when nothing is being consumed 

liver

produces bile

pancreas

secreates:

hormones

• insulin and glucagon

Enzymes for digestion 

• Trypsin (Proteins)

• Lipase (Fats)

• Amylase (Carbohydrates)

diaphragm

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity 

stomach

performs mechanical and chemical digestion and storage of food

how is glucose turned into maltose

the enzyme amylase breaks it into disacharides (maltose)

By what kind of reaction is a polymer of glucose broken down to glucose 

hydrolysis

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch to glucose 

• Where is it formed 

• Where does it act 

salivary and pancreatic amylase 

• formed in the mouth and the exocrine pancreas 

• mouth and small intestines 

part of the circulatoary system where monosachoaiudes are absorbed 

in the small intestines via the capillaries 

Protein Digestion

proteins

• pepsin

small polypeptides