Bot-Lec (Sem-1) - Chapter 4: The Classification of Plants and other Organisms

taxonomy

science of classification

scientific names

genus and species

Emilia sonchifolia

Tagulinaw

binomial nomenclature

a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name; first used by Carolus Linnaeus

species

basic unit of classification

genus

generic name

generic name (genus); specific epithet (species)

parts of a scientific name

Tradescantia virginiana

spiderwort

DKPCOFGS

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum (Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Dear King Philip Came Over for Good Spaghetti

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Zingiberi

Zingiber; ginger; name given this plant by Dioscorides; derived from an Indian word

Pedanius Dioscorides

Father of Pharmacology

dichotomous key

a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters

systematics

scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their natural (evolutionary) relationships

systematist

scientists whose field of focus is systematics

phylogeny

evolutionary history of a species or other taxonomic group

monophyletic

said of a group consisting of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor; plants

stoneworts (Charophytes)

the common ancestor of plants

cladistics

classification of organisms based on recency of common ancestry rather than degree of structural similarity

cladists

scientists whose field of study is cladistics; create cladograms

cladograms

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species

domain bacteria

one of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea because they have their own unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics

domain archaea

domain of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms adapted to extreme conditions (such as very hot or very salty environments)

domain eukarya

includes all eukaryotic organisms (protists, plants, fungi, and animals)

paraphyletic

said of a group consisting of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

kingdom protista

paraphyletic; some biologists think protists should not be grouped in a single kingdom

amoebiasis

an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a microscopic (tiny) parasite

Entomoeba histolytica

positive agent of amoebiasis

free-living; symbiotic (mutualism to parasitism)

mode of nutrition of protists

protists + fungi; cyanobacteria + fungi (algae)

lichen