Chapter 21 Study Prompts

Do you know what the starting and ending structure is for the vessel system?

the heart

Can you list the three major vessel types of the cardiovascular system?

arteries, capillaries and veins

Can you define "artery" and "vein"?

Definitions:

1. Artery- vessels that carry blood away from the heart

2. Vein- vessels that carry blood toward the heart

Do you know which vessel type allows exchange of gasses, nutrients and waste between blood and tissues?

capillary

Can you describe systemic circulation?

blood flow from the heart to the body tissue back to the heart

Can you describe the oxygenation status of blood traveling through the different types of vessels in the systemic circulation?

In the SYSTEMIC circulation:

1. Arteries carry richly oxygenated blood

2. Veins carry poorly oxygenated blood

Can you describe pulmonary circulation?

blood flow from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Can you describe the oxygenation status of blood traveling through the different types of vessels in the pulmonary circulation?

In the PULMONARY circulation:

1. Arteries carry POORLY oxygenated blood

2. Veins carry RICHLY oxygenated blood

When interstitial fluid or lymph is taken into a blood vessel what is the fluid then called?

plasma

Can you list and describe the three layers of the wall of an artery/vein?

layers:

1. tunica intima (interna) - endothelium (simple squamous epithelium), lines lumen

2. tunica media- smooth muscle and possibly some elastin

3. tunica externa (adventitia - fibrous CT, most superficial

Can you describe the composition of a capillary (which layers) do they have)?

tunica intima (endothelium) only

Which layers) of the vessels would be under the influence of the nervous system? Why?

tunic media- this is where the smooth muscle (which is an effector organ) is located

Can you describe and give the location and function of "vasa vasorum"?

"vessels of the vessels" small vessels within the walls or large vessels to deliver gasses and nutrients to the vessel wall.

Can you describe the "path" of vessel types starting and ending at the heart?

• arteries leave the heart and branch into a teriles which lead into capillary beds.

• Venules leave the capillary beds and anastomose into larger veins which lead back to the heart.

Do you know what structures arterioles lead blood into?

capillary beds

Do you know why arterioles can help control how much blood (pressure) will be entering a capillary bed?

since they are made of smooth muscle in their media they act as effector organs to control the pressure of the blood entering the bed (we did not discuss this in lecture, but all arteries have smooth muscle to control BP).

Can you describe the characteristics of a capillary?

smallest vessels, microscopic, only allow cells to pass through single file and only have tunica interna.

Do you know which tissues lack capillary supply?

cartilage and epithelia

Can you list and describe the three types of capillaries? How are the three types different? Can you give the function of each of the types and an example of where they can be found?

Types:

1. Continuous- thin intercellular clefts, no pores, not very leaky. Found in the brain and skeletal muscle. Only SMALL molecules can enter and leave these capillaries

2. Fenestrated- still thin intercellular clefts, but the squamous cells have fenestrations (pores) that allow an increased amount of substances to cross. Found in locations where increased absorption and filtration is necessary, such as the intestines and kidneys

3. Sinusoidal- very "leaky". Pores as well as large intercellular clefts. Large substances like whole cells and large proteins can pass. These are found in regions where we need large substances to enter/leave the blood supply, such as the liver, spleen and bone marrow

Can you describe the composition (in layers) of a venule?

• mostly endothelium (intima) and very little other layers.

• They are very close in structure to capillaries

Do you know what is meant by the term "anastomose"?

mergings of vessels

Can you describe the characteristics of veins? How are they different than arteries?

• large lumens with valves.

• Very thin tunica media, but thicker tunica externa.

Do you know the adaptations that veins have to deal with low blood pressure and dealing with gravity?

large lumens (reduces resistance to flow) and valves which prevent backflow with gravity

Can you describe the structure and function of a venous sinus? Can you give an example of where they can be found?

• widened regions of veins that collect blood and direct it into draining veins.

• Coronary sinus for the heart and dural sinuses in the brain.

In what ways does the body aid the blood's return to the heart in the veins?

muscular and respiratory pumps

Can you trace the blood's path through the pulmonary circulation?

right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → capillary beds in the lungs→ pulmonary veins→ left atrium

Can you trace the path of blood from the heart to the fingertips in the arteries (name the arteries)?

• aorta branches to form the brachiocephalic trunk, which gives rise to the right subclavian which gives rise to the axillary, which gives rise to the subscapular and brachial.

• The brachial branches to give rise to the radial and ulnar. (same on left, but left subclavian arises from the aorta directly).

Can you trace the path of blood from the heart to the brain?

• blood flows from the aorta to the common carotids (right is off of the brachiocephalic trunk and the left is off of the aorta directly), which branch to form internal and external carotids.

• The external delivers blood to the face.

• The internal reaches the brain and branches to form the middle and anterior cerebral arteries (which are connected by the anterior communicating).

• The vertebral artery also leaves the subclavians and travels through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae to the base of the brain and merge to form the basilar artery.

• The basilar artery branches anteriorly to form the posterior cerebral arteries, which give rise to the posterior communicating. Whew!

Can you name the vessels that would deliver blood to areas of the thorax?

internal thoracic and the intercostals

Can you name the branches of arteries from the celiac trunk?

common hepatic (to liver), left gastric (to stomach) and splenic (to spleen)

Can you name the branches of arteries from the superior mesenteric artery?

intestinal (to small intestines), and ileocolic (to ileocecal valve)

Do you know where the inferior mesenteric artery delivers blood to? What artery does this vessel arise from?

• the colon

• the aorta

Can you name the artery that delivers blood to each of the following structures?

1. kidney

2. spleen

3. stomach

4. liver

5. adrenal gland

6. small intestine

7. colon

8. testes

9. ovaries

10. ileocecal valve

structures:

1. kidney- renal

2. spleen- splenic

3. stomach- left gastric

4. liver-common hepatic → hepatic artery

5. adrenal- suprarenal artery

6. small intestines- intestinals

7. colon- inferior mesenteric

8. testis- testicular (gonadal)

9. ovaries- ovarian (gonadal)

10. ileocecal valve- ileocolic

Can you trace the path of blood from the heart to the toes in the arteries (name the arteries)?

• aorta→common iliac arteries→ each branch to form internal and external iliacs → external leaves the pelvis and becomes the femoral first branch is lateral femoral circumflex → femoral becomes the popliteal behind the knee which branches to become the anterior and posterior tibials.

• Anterior tibial becomes dorsal pedis.

• Posterior tibial gives rise to the fibular and then the plantar arteries

Can you list the arteries in each of the following regions?

1. Head

2. Neck

3. Upper extremity

4. Abdomen

5. Pelvis

6. Lower extremity

Regions:

1. Head- internal and external carotids, basilar, anterior, posterior and middle cerebrals, anterior and posterior communicatings

2. Neck- common carotids, vertebrals

3. Upper extremities- subclavian, axillary, brachial, deep brachial, radial and ulnar

4. Abdomen- abdominal aorta, celiac trunk, common hepatic, left gastric, splenic, superior mesenteric, intestinals, ileocolic, inferior mesenteric, renal, suprarenal, gonadal, lumbar

5. Pelvis- common iliac, internal and external iliac

6. Lower extremity- femoral, lateral femoral circumflex, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibials, fibular, dorsalis pedis and plantars

Can you name the three vessels that branch from the aortic arch?

brachiocephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian

Do you what the function of the carotid bodies is? Do you know where these structures are located?

• they are in the carotid sinus where the common carotid gives rise to the internal carotid.

• They contain cells that have baroreceptors and send information to the brain for blood pressure

Can you name the veins of the brain? Can you trace the blood flow through these veins to the internal jugular vein?

• superior sagittal sinus meets the strait sinus, which drains the inferior sagittal sinus.

• The superior and strait become the transverse sinus, which leads into the sigmoid sinus, which leads into the internal jugular.

• The internal jugular merges with the brachiocephalic→ superior vena cava

Can you trace the path of blood from the fingertips to the heart in the veins (name the veins)?

• 39 radial and ulnar veins form the brachial veins. Brachial and basilic form the axillary vein.

• The cephalic is connected to the basilic by the median cubital vein. The axillary and cephalic merge to form the subclavian → brachiocephalic → vena cava

Can you trace the path of blood from the brain to the heart?

the internal and external jugulars, as well as the vertebral veins merge with the brachiocephalic→ vena cava

Can you name the vessels that would return blood from areas of the thorax?

• the accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos drain into the azygos from the left side.

• Azygos, internal thoracic and intercostals drain into the vena cava

Can you name the branches of veins to the superior mesenteric vein?

splenic, gastric, iliocolic, inferior mesenteric, and intestinals all drain into the superior mesenteric

Do you know where the inferior mesenteric vein drains blood to?

from the colon to the superior mesenteric

Can you name the vein that returns blood from each of the following structures?

1. kidney

2. spleen

3. stomach

4. liver

5. adrenal gland

6. small intestine

7. colon

8. testes

9. ovaries

10. pancreas and duodenum

11. ileocecal valve

structures:

1. kidney- renal

2. spleen- splenic

3. stomach- gastric

4. liver- hepatic portal vein enters and hepatic veins leave liver

5. adrenal- suprarenal vein

6. small intestines- intestinals

7. colon- inferior mesenteric

8. testis- testicular (gonadal)

9. ovaries- ovarian (gonadal)

10. ileocecal valve- ileocolic

Can you trace the path of blood to the heart from the toes in the veins (name the veins)?

• dorsalis pedis veins become the anterior tibialis and the plantar veins become the posterior tibialis and the fibularis.

• The fibularis merges with the posterior tibialis.

• The anterior and posterior tibialis merge to form the popliteal vein.

• The popliteal is joined by the small saphenous.

• The popliteal then becomes the femoral behind the knee.

• The great saphenous merges with the femoral and the femoral becomes the external iliac once it enters the pelvis.

• The internal iliac merges with the external to form the common iliac, which drains into the inferior vena cava.

Can you list the veins in each of the following regions?

1. Head

2. Neck

3. Upper extremity

4. Abdomen

5. Pelvis

6. Lower extremity

regions:

1. head- superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, strait sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus

2. neck- internal and external jugulars, vertebral

3. upper extremity- radial, ulnar, basilic, brachial, cephalic, median cubital, brachial, axillary, subclavian

4. abdomen- inferior vena cava, hepatic veins, hepatic portal vein, superior mesenteric, splenic, gastric, inferior mesenteric, intestinals, ileocolic, renal, suprarenal, gonadal and lumbar veins

5. pelvis- internal iliacs, external iliacs and common iliacs

6. lower extremity- dorsalis pedis, plantar veins, anterior and posterior tibialis, fibularis, popliteal, great and small saphenous, femoral, lateral femoral circumflex veln

Can you list the veins that are a part of the hepatic portal system

hepatic portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, gastric vein, splenic vein, intestinal vein, ilieocolic vein