Measurement and Evaluation of Human Performance

Error Bars

Graphical representation showing data variability, depicting standard deviation from the mean.

Mean

Mathematical average of a set of numbers, indicating central tendency.

Standard Deviation

Measure of data dispersion around the mean, showing data spread.

Coefficient Variation

Ratio of standard deviation to mean expressed as a percentage.

Two-Tailed T Test

Statistical method testing if a sample is greater or less than a range of values.

Paired T Test

Statistical procedure comparing mean differences between two sets of observations.

Unpaired T-Test

Statistical method comparing means of two independent groups for significant differences.

Probability

Likelihood of statistically significant differences between two data sets.

Correlation

Relationship between two variables, positive or negative, not implying causation.

Specificity

Test targeting the most relevant fitness component for a specific activity or sport.

Accuracy

Closeness of test results to true fitness level.

Reliability

Consistency of test results under similar conditions.

Validity

Ensuring a test measures what it's supposed to in the context of fitness.

Control Groups

Used to compare with experimental groups in causal hypothesis tests.

Placebos

Given to participants to maintain blinding in experiments.

Blinding

Staff unaware of treatment allocation to minimize bias.

Double-Blinding

Neither evaluator nor participant knows control items in a test.

Statistical Analysis

Collection and interpretation of data to identify patterns and trends.

PAR-Q

Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire assessing readiness for physical activities.

Field Tests

Conducted in real-world settings, reflecting specific sport demands.

Laboratory Tests

Performed in controlled environments with specialized equipment for accurate data.

Sub-maximal Tests

Push participants to a challenging yet sustainable level, stopping before exhaustion.

Maximal Tests

Require participants to exert to exhaustion, measuring peak performance.

Health-Related Fitness

Factors determining the ability to meet physical demands for overall health.

Skill-Related Fitness

Factors determining successful performance of specific skills.

Fitness Tests

Assessments for health-related and skill-related components of fitness.

Multistage Fitness Test

Running test estimating VO2 max validity in healthy individuals.

Cooper Run

Test estimating VO2 max by running or walking the farthest in 12 minutes.

Harvard Step Test

Step test estimating aerobic fitness based on heart rate recovery.

General Training Program

Includes warm-up, cool down, and recreational activities for overall fitness.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

Stretching method involving muscle contraction after stretching.

Karvonen Method

A method that calculates training heart rate by considering the difference between resting heart rate and maximal heart rate, using a percentage of heart rate reserve.

Exercise Intensity

The level of stress achieved during an exercise session, often expressed as a percentage of maximal aerobic capacity or peak oxygen consumption.

V·O2max

Maximal aerobic capacity, the maximum rate of oxygen consumption during intense exercise.

V·O2 Reserve

The difference between V·O2max and resting oxygen consumption, used to determine exercise intensity.

Perceived Exertion

Subjective assessment of how hard an individual feels they are working during exercise, influenced by factors like heart rate, breathing rate, and muscle fatigue.

Percent VO2 reserve

the difference between V·O2max and resting oxygen consumption

Double-Blind Experiment

an experiment in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who has been given the placebo

Static Stretching

stretching exercises that are performed without movement

Active Stretching

slow stretching in which flexibility is achieved without assistance. The contraction of the opposing muscles helps to relax the stretched muscles

Passive Stretching

a slow stretching in which flexibility is achieved with a partner or apparatus to further stretch the muscles and joints

Progression

gradually increasing the amount of exercise.

Overload

frequency, intensity, and duration; FITT principles.

Specificity

The process of replicating the characteristics of physical activity in training to ensure its beneficial performance

Reversibility

How long it takes to lose base fitness

Variety

Providing different activities, formats, and drills in training while still addressing the aims of the training program. Also helps decrease boredom.

Periodization

A structured, organized approach to training.

Key Principles of Training Program Design (6)

Progression

Overload

Specificity

Reversibility

Variety

Periodization

Aerobic capacity

the ability to provide and sustain energy aerobically.

Flexibility

the range of movement at a joint

Local Muscle Endurance

the ability of a particular muscle group to keep working at the derided level of effort for as long as the situation demands

Strength

the maximum force that can be developed in a muscle or group of muscles in a single maximal contraction

Agility

the ability to move and change direction and position of the body quickly and effectively while under control

Speed

the ability to put the body parts into motion quickly, or the maximum rate that a person can move over a specific distance

Balance

the maintenance of the center of mass over a base of support while the body is static or dynamic

Coordination

the interaction between motor and nervous systems; the ability to perform motor tasks accurately and effectively

Power

a powerful movement achieved as quickly as possible; the combination of strength and speed

Reaction Time

the time taken to initiate a response to a given stimulus

Body Composition

quantifying the different components of a human body. The selection of compartments varies by model but may include fat, bone, water, and muscle