A&P Chapter 2: Chemistry

Name the 4 most common elements of living organisms with their percentage of body by weight.

Oxygen 60%

Carbon 20%

Hydrogen 10%

Nitrogen 5%

What makes elements different in their atoms?

The number of protons

What is the name of the same elements that have a different number of neutrons?

isotopes

How do you find the atomic number?

number of protons in an element

How do you find the atomic mass?

number of protons and neutrons in an element

What is the name of the outermost shell of an element?

valence

How can atoms interact with other atoms to make chemical bonds?

through available valence electrons

How can you tell how many electrons are on the valence shell of atoms?

look at the group number

List the main types of chemical bonds in the order from strongest to weakest.

covalent

ionic

hydrogen

van der waals

How are covalent bonds made?

electrons are shared between other elements

What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a non-polar covalent bond?

polar has unequal pull (different electronegativities)

non-polar evenly shares (similar or same electronegativity)

What are noble gases?

Elements with a full valence shell in group 8

How can covalent bonds form stronger?

More pairs of shared electrons (single, double, triple)

A pH of 9 is more…

basic

A pH of 2 is more…

acidic

A pH of 7 is…

neutral

Properties of water are special because they are due to which kind of bonds?

hydrogen bonds

What are the functions of water in the human body?

solvent for biochemical reactions

participates in chemical reactions as product or reactant

temperature regulation

lubrication for body fluids

What are the differences between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances? Examples?

hydrophilic loves water and will dissolve in water (salts)

hydrophobic fears water and will not dissolve in water (oil)

What are the monomers of carbohydrates? (3)

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

What monomers are lipids made of? (3)

triglycerides

phospholipids

steroids

What are the monomers that proteins are made of?

amino acids

what are the monomers that nucleic acids are made of? (2)

DNA

RNA

Name 3 monosaccharides

glucose

fructose

ribose

Name 3 disaccharides

sucrose

lactose

maltose

Name 3 polysaccharides

starch

glycogen

cellulose

How are carbohydrates used in energy production?

glucose is directly used to make ATP by all cells, brain needs carbs

Where are carbohydrates used in short-term energy storage?

starch in plants, glycogen in animals

Where are the structural functions of carbohydrates seen?

cell wall in plants and fungi; cellulose and chitin in bacteria

Where do carbohydrates show up in ECM in animals? (3)

chondroitin

hyaluronic acid

glycoproteins

What is needed in the building blocks for DNA and RNA?

carbohydrates in ribose and deoxyribose

Why are starches good carbohydrate nutrients?

Starches are digested into glucose monomers

Why is cellulose a bad nutrient for carbohydrates?

cellulose helps with fiber, but humans are unable to digest

What are the functions of triglycerides? (3)

long term energy storage

fat storage in adipose cells that serves as a cushion

fats and oils

What are the functions of phospholipids?

main component of cell membranes with their hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head

What are the functions of steroids?

component of cell membranes

high levels are bad

cholesterol and steroid hormones

What is the difference in a structure of a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

Triglycerides are made of 3 fatty acids connected to 1 glycerol molecule, while phospholipids are made of 2 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule with a phosphate group and a polar organic group.

What’s the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

Saturated fats only have single bonds, solid at room temp, mostly in animal products, seen in butter and lard. Unsaturated fats have double bonds in fatty acids, liquid, mostly in plants, olive oil, canola oil.

What are the kinds of bonds between amino acids that make the primary structure of a protein?

peptide bonds

How can properties of amino acids affect the 3D structure of a protein?

Hydrophobic side chains in the middle of the structure to hide from water and covalent bonds will keep the protein in a specific shape.

What is the function of enzymes?

speed up chemical reactions and can perform specific functions repeatedly

How will pH affect enzyme activity?

most human enzymes have the optimal ph close to neutral, stomach acid is designed to work best in acidic conditions

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

enzyme activity increases as temperature increases until it reaches optimal temperature. will denature after optimal temperature

What are the molecular differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA is A-T, C-G

RNA is A-U, C-G

Where can you find DNA and RNA?

DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell

RNA is synthesized in the nucleus and found in the cytoplasm

What are the functions of the types of RNA?

mRNA (messenger RNA) has the copies of a gene

tRNA (transport RNA) carries AA to make protein

rRNA (ribosomal) part of ribosomes to make proteins

What are the functions of ATP?

molecule that stores and releases energy for membrane transport, muscle contraction, and biochemical reactions

What happens to enzymes if the temperature gets too extreme during illness?

fevers and hyperthermia can slow down your enzymes