Cerebellum

Where is the cerebellum located relative to the brainstem?

Dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata

Which ventricle lies between the cerebellum and brainstem?

Fourth ventricle

What are the two major gross divisions of the cerebellum?

Vermis and two cerebellar hemispheres

What midline cerebellar structure coordinates trunk movement and muscle tone?

Vermis

Which cerebellar structures control motor coordination and muscle tone on the same side of the body?

Cerebellar hemispheres

What type of body map is present in the cerebellar cortex?

Somatotopic organization

What is the cerebellum's role in skilled voluntary movement?

Coordination

What is the cerebellum's role in stereotyped movements?

Control of stereotyped movements and muscle tone

What is the cerebellum's role in equilibrium?

Control of balance

What are the three anatomical lobes of the cerebellum?

Anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and flocculonodular lobe

Which fissure separates the anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes?

Primary fissure

Which cerebellar lobe is also called the archicerebellum?

Flocculonodular lobe

Which cerebellar lobe is also called the vestibulocerebellum?

Flocculonodular lobe

Which cerebellar lobe is also called the paleocerebellum?

Anterior lobe

Which cerebellar lobe is also called the spinocerebellum?

Anterior lobe

Which cerebellar lobe is also called the neocerebellum?

Posterior lobe

Which cerebellar lobe is also called the pontocerebellum?

Posterior lobe

Which structures form the flocculonodular lobe?

Flocculus and nodulus

What is the unpaired midline longitudinal zone of the cerebellum?

Median strip

Which functional cerebellar division corresponds to the median strip?

Vestibulocerebellum

What is the paramedian longitudinal cerebellar zone called?

Intermediate zone

Which functional cerebellar division corresponds to the intermediate zone?

Spinocerebellum

Which functional cerebellar division corresponds to the lateral cerebellar zone?

Pontocerebellum

What is another name for the lateral cerebellar zone?

Neocerebellum

What are the three cerebellar peduncles?

Superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles

Which cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum with the spinal cord and lower brainstem?

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Which cerebellar peduncle carries fibers from contralateral pontine nuclei?

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Which cerebellar peduncle contains mostly efferent fibers?

Superior cerebellar peduncle

What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex from superficial to deep?

Molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer

What is another name for the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

Stratum moleculare

What is another name for the Purkinje cell layer?

Stratum gangliosum

What is another name for the Purkinje cell layer based on cell shape?

Piriform layer

What is another name for the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex?

Stratum granulosum

Which cerebellar cortical layer is superficial and mainly associative?

Molecular layer

Which cerebellar cortical layer contains the only cortical efferent neurons?

Purkinje cell layer

Which cerebellar cortical layer receives most afferent input?

Granular layer

Which inhibitory interneurons are located in the molecular layer?

Stellate cells and basket cells

Where are stellate cells located within the molecular layer?

Superficially

Where are basket cells located within the molecular layer?

Deeply

Which molecular-layer interneurons are small and superficial?

Stellate cells

Which molecular-layer interneurons are larger and deeper?

Basket cells

What input excites stellate and basket cells?

Parallel fibers

What is the effect of stellate and basket cells on Purkinje cells?

Inhibition

Which cells are the only efferent neurons of the cerebellar cortex?

Purkinje cells

Are Purkinje-cell outputs excitatory or inhibitory?

Inhibitory

What is the target of Purkinje-cell cortical output?

Deep cerebellar nuclei

What is the shape and orientation of Purkinje-cell dendritic trees?

Fan-shaped in one plane perpendicular to parallel fibers

Which inputs synapse on Purkinje cells?

Parallel fibers and climbing fibers

What is the approximate diameter of cerebellar granule cells?

6-8 micrometres

What major input do granule cells receive?

Excitatory mossy fibers

Where do granule-cell axons travel after leaving the granular layer?

Molecular layer

How do granule-cell axons branch in the molecular layer?

T-shaped

What fibers are formed by T-shaped granule-cell axons?

Parallel fibers

Where are Golgi-cell dendrites located?

Molecular layer

Where are Golgi-cell axons located?

Granular layer

What three elements form a cerebellar glomerulus?

Mossy-fiber terminal, granule-cell dendrite, and Golgi-cell boutons

Which cerebellar afferent-fiber type is excitatory and synapses in cerebellar glomeruli?

Mossy fibers

Which cerebellar afferent-fiber type arises from the inferior olivary nucleus?

Climbing fibers

What is the target of climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex?

Purkinje-cell dendrites

Which structures are major sources of mossy fibers?

Pontine nuclei, spinal cord, vestibular nuclei, and reticular formation

Which monoaminergic systems provide modulatory cerebellar afferents?

Noradrenergic and serotonergic systems

Where do cerebellar-afferent collaterals project in addition to the cortex?

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Which inputs are excitatory in the cerebellar cortex?

Mossy fibers, climbing fibers, and parallel fibers

Which cerebellar cortical cells form inhibitory synapses?

Golgi cells, Purkinje cells, basket cells, and stellate cells

What are the deep cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral?

Fastigial, interposed, and dentate nuclei

Which two nuclei form the interposed nucleus?

Globose and emboliform nuclei

Which deep cerebellar nucleus controls posture and equilibrium through extensor muscles?

Fastigial nucleus

What cerebellar cortical regions provide input to the fastigial nucleus?

Flocculonodular cortex and vermis

Where does the fastigial nucleus project?

Vestibular nuclei and brainstem gaze centers

Which deep cerebellar nucleus group is involved in posture and gait?

Interposed nuclei

What cerebellar region provides input to the interposed nuclei?

Anterior lobe cortex

Where do interposed nuclei project?

Red nucleus and thalamic nuclei

Which deep cerebellar nucleus coordinates fine movement?

Dentate nucleus

What cerebellar region provides input to the dentate nucleus?

Posterior lobe cortex

Where does the dentate nucleus project?

Red nucleus and thalamic nuclei

Which major cerebellar output is sent directly from cortex to the lateral vestibular nucleus?

Flocculonodular cortical output

What is another name for the lateral vestibular nucleus?

Deiters nucleus

What are the three major spinocerebellar afferent tracts listed in the lecture?

Anterior spinocerebellar, posterior spinocerebellar, and cuneocerebellar tracts

Which peduncle carries the anterior spinocerebellar tract?

Superior cerebellar peduncle

What type of fibers are carried by the anterior spinocerebellar tract?

Mossy fibers

Which peduncle carries the posterior spinocerebellar tract?

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

What type of fibers are carried by the posterior spinocerebellar tract?

Mossy fibers

Which peduncle carries the rostral spinocerebellar tract?

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

What type of fibers are carried by the rostral spinocerebellar tract?

Mossy fibers

Which peduncle carries the cuneocerebellar tract?

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

What type of fibers are carried by the cuneocerebellar tract?

Mossy fibers

Is the vestibulocerebellar tract crossed or uncrossed?

Uncrossed

Where does the vestibulocerebellar tract terminate?

Flocculonodular cortex

Which peduncle carries the vestibulocerebellar tract?

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

What type of fibers are carried by the vestibulocerebellar tract?

Mossy fibers

What type of fibers are carried by the olivocerebellar tract?

Climbing fibers

Which peduncle carries the olivocerebellar tract?

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

How is olivocerebellar input organized in the cerebellar cortex?

Strict somatotopy

Which pathway provides a massive cerebrocerebellar connection?

Pontocerebellar tract

Which peduncle carries pontocerebellar fibers?

Middle cerebellar peduncle

What type of fibers are carried by the pontocerebellar tract?

Mossy fibers

Which cerebellar efferent tract projects to vestibular nuclei?

Cerebellovestibular tract

Which peduncle carries the cerebellovestibular tract?

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Is the cerebellovestibular tract completely crossed?

Partly decussated

Which cerebellar efferent tract projects to the red nucleus?

Cerebellorubral tract