Studied by 4 people
Economic causes of Baron’s revolt
corrupt raising of taxes - scutage, 11 times
royal income raises from £25k to £150k
Religious causes of the Barons’ Revolt
John is excommunicated
He also places his country under an interdict
He also grants England as a ‘papal fief’
Other causes of Baron’s revolt
(HINT: rep, military)
John’s poor reputation makes him known for his cruelty
His expensive wars often led to failure, which earnt him the nicknames ‘lackland’ and ‘softsword’
Short term impact of Magna Carta
Put limits on monarch’s power
- council of Barons
- limited taxation
Medium term significance of Magna Carta
Laid foundations of Parliament (13th Century)
Used in Petition of Rights to challenge King Charles I (in English Civil War)
Heavily influences 1791 American Constitution and Bill of Rights
Long term significance of Magna Carta
Echoes in 1948 UN Declaration of Human Rights
Used to argue against Covid-19 lockdown
‘Magna Carta of Women’s rights’ discussed by Philippines government
Economic causes of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study
threat of excommunication
high taxes (abusive or funding Pope's mission)
Other causes of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study
failed wars and only 1 success temporarily
dissatisfaction with foreign influence
corruption, nepotism and abuse of power
neglection of English barons and uncooperation
Key events of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study
1258 - Henry attends Great Council of Oxford & signs Provisions of Oxford
1264 - Battle of Lewes - Henry is held hostage & heir Edward imprisoned
1265 - Great Council extends political representation + de Montfort is killed in Battle of Lewes after Edward escapes
Short term impact of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study
extended political representation for first time
overthrowing of an abusive monarch temporarily
Provisions of Oxford specified the role of Parliament in a way that the Magna Carta didn't
Medium and long term impact of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study
Parliaments authority is expanded & shift away from the
monarch's autocratic rule
Simon de Montfort's legacy - inspires American House of Representatives and Victorians saw him as the "Father of the House of Commons
Edward becomes King in 1272 & calls model parliament' in 1295
Causes of the Peasants’ Revolt
Poll tax
Limited wages due to Statute of Labourers, with serp being unable to seek higher wages (pared in 1351)
General dissatisfaction with serfdom.
Radical priests such as John Ball calling for social equality
Short term impact of the Peasants’ Revolt
Big threat to the King all of & social hierarchy so the king allowed all the rebels’ demands but then cancelled his charters
1500 + rebels executed
execution of King's advisors showed that ruling classes (and the King) could be held to account by those who he ruled
peasants & their leaders had told new ideas about equality & freedom
Medium and long term impact of the Peasants’ Revolt
a serious (and violent) threat against the King's life which undermines his authority and divine righted
shows ongoing social economic issues caused by the Black Death so England had to adapt & change in response or social disorder would erupt
Religious causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace
Break from Rome
Protestant Reformation
Henry becoming Head of Church
the dissolution of monasteries
Divorce from Catherine
Princess Mary becomes illegitimate
Economic causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace
tithes and high taxes
dissolution of monasteries (end of almshouses and King Henry profits from selling land)
Political causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace
Cromwell (status & power)
fear of King's absolutism
lack of Northern political representation
divorce from Catherine
Mary becoming illegitimate
Key events in the Pilgrimage of Grace
October 1536 - Lincolnshire Uprising (57 out of 100 death sentences carried out)
Aske leads a new rebellion and brings it to York (eventually 50,000+ people marched over the banner of the ‘Five wounds of Christ’)
Duke of Norfolk sent to negotiate and over a month, the Commons’ Petition is made
Christmas 1536 - Aske spends Christmas with King Henry VIII
January 1537 - Aske (and other such as Lord Darcy and Hussey) are beheaded/executed, with 74 rebels hung
Short term impact of the Pilgrimage of Grace
reinforces Henry VII's power over church
accelerates English reformation: growth of gentry and increasing religious change
led to the Council of the North (more power to Henry but some representation)
Medium and long term significance of the Pilgrimage of Grace
reinforced social hierarchy
peaceful & diplomatic methods became more popular still used violent and intellectual/academic methods
used religion as a defense to challenge the rule of the King's Parliament
all classes protested together - more communication between gentry, lords/nobility & peasants show development of rebela is rising political role of lower classes + desire for representation
Religious causes of the English Civil War
Armenian reforms Laud
Charles' actions that made him appear as a pseudo-Cathodic
Economic causes of the English Civil War
2 failed wars in France & Spain
corrupt taxes during Personal Rule (ship money and forest fines)
Abuse of power in the English Civil War
Personal Rule
the Star Chamber
5 Members Coup
Individuals in the English Civil War (10 names)
Laud
John Hampden
Prynne
Burton
Bastwick
Pym
Duke of Buckingham
Thomas Wentworth
Cromwell
Fairfax
Key events in the English Civil War (pre-1629)
1628 - MPs bring Charles the 'Petition of Rights’ and Parliament attacks Charles favourite Duke of Buckingham & his failed wars against Spain and France
1629-40:11 year tyranny/Personal rule
Events during 11 year tyranny
uses ship money & forest charter
Laudian reforms promoted
Burton & Prynne & Bastwick argue about reforms so they are pilloried & imprisoned
Scottish National Covenanters invade and capture large parts of North England due to Charles’ refusal to reverse Laudian reforms
Key events in the English Civil War (post-1640)
1640 - end of Personal Rule due to Coventanters’ invasion, Parliament recalled and Earl of Strafford (Wentworth) is called back from Ireland but is later executed due to Pym forcing Charles to pass some laws
October 1641 - Rebellion in Ireland, militia bill passed by MPs and the 5 Members’ Coup occurs
1642-46 - English Civil War - New Model Army leads to Charles being defeated at the Battle of Naseby
December 1648 - Pride’s purge forces Parliament to put Charles on trial
January 1649 - Charles is put on trial and executed (on 30th)
1660- Cromwell dies, so monarchy is restored
Short term impact of the English Civil War
first time a legitimate head of state is put on trial legally challenged) and is executed for treason
a monarch was held to account for & removed due to his actions, which is a direct challenge to monarch’s authority & Divine Right → led to temporary abolition of monarchy & House of Lords
demonstrates real limits of the King, is the first democratic resistance (against King)
shows Parliament's influence & power
disruption of the Great Chain of Being undermined it caused cultural instability
laws introduced allowing religious tolerance for puritans & protestants
Medium and long term significance of the English Civil War
New Model Army & its ordinary soldiers continue playing a big role in police, e.g: 1653- they shut down Rump Parliament
Major Generals rule over 11 districts & use army to enforce social & religiones forces, Puritans saw the legal restrictions as ungodly
new political ideas created (but never occur)
1647 Putney debates - NMA discuss universal suffrage for men: the "leveller discuss votes for all men and the 'diggers' discuss redistribution of land
Cromwell acts as Lord Protector: calls Parliament, controls army & passes laws (King in all but name)
English Republic defeats Dutch Republic in war, establishes control over the English channel using the Navigation Act and restores English military/naval reputation
Cromwell crushes radical groups such as the Levellers & imprisoned their leader John Lilburne
Cromwell massacres a lot of the Irish population, eg women & children were slaughtered after the town of Drogheda was captured
Cromwell was hailed as a hero & pioneer of Parliament in the 19th Century
1657 - Cromwell refuses the crown but accepts the right to name his successor, who is his son
Shows influence of Magna Carta
Causes of the American Revolution
corrupt/unfair taxes such as Stamp Tax (1765) and Navigation Act
demand for (taxation with) representation.
individuals "Sons of Liberty, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, 'Founding Fathers'
Key events in the American Revolution
1770 Boston Massacre - intensifies anti-British sentiment so there is more resistance
1773 Boston Tea Party - 342 crates of tea poured overboard by Sons of Liberty (who dress as Native Americans) so Britain closes Boston fort
1775 Lexington Incident - 20000 minutemen (led by Washington) fire on the British, which marks the start of the American war of Independence
1776 Founding Fathers' meet at Congress in Philadelphia and creates the US Declaration of Independence 'All men are equal but only landowners could vote’
1781 Battle of Yorktown - British are defeated and the USA is formed
Short term impact of the the American Revolution
achieved the initial goal of taxation with representation
shows use of both violent & intellectual protest methods.
America allied with France (a common enemy) - new resistance method.
Medium and long term significance of the American Revolution
formation of a new country that becomes a global superpower, the world's strongest democracy and the trading partner of its previous coloniser
new form of Government (through Constitution & President) which was democratic -in principle- and self-determined (although it was partially based on the Magna Carta)
successful & long-lasting challenge against abusive colonial power
US constitution represents development of ideas about freedom & democracy
Causes of the Chartists Movement
poverty caused by urbanisation
(over & under) representation
suffrage (voting nights)
demand for: secret ballots, infrequent elections (every year)
new political parties (Tories & Whigs)
Peterdor Massacre (16th August 1819) and Great Reform Act 1832
Key events in the Chartists Movement
1836 - London Working Men's Association set up by William Lovett
1838 - First Chartist Convention held in Birmingham where they adopt their 6 aims
November 1839 - Newport Rising - 5000, march on Town Hall which led to 22 Killed & 6 transported to Australia
1839 - First Petition with 1.28 million signatures
1842 - Second Petition with 3.3 million signatures
1848 - Third Petition with 5 million+ signatures (many contested)
Short term impact of the Chartists Movement
the movement was huge and working class led
Medium and long term significance of the Chartists Movement
5 out of their 6 demands were met within the next century (S.T failure but LT. success)
1858 - no property qualifications for MPs
1872 - private ballot
1885 - equal sized constituencies.
1911 - payment of MPs
1918 - vote for all men over 21
shows unified movements, especially through mass petition and strikes/ violent methods (but split due to disagreements)
shows legacy of Magna Carta ('Great Charter') as their name alludes to it
development of protest (shown through public meetings)
first UK-based case study caused by politics
working classes involved & gained knowledge about political affairs
Causes of the Anti-Corn Law League (Campaigners and Reformers)
1815 corn laws (= increased bread prices)
refusal to repeal the corn laws
Causes of the Abolitionist Movement (Campaigners and Reformers)
slavery becoming less profitable (e.g. 300,000+ people refused to buy slave-grown sugar)
slavery (as a social issue)
Christian beliefs (especially Quakers)
West India Lobby in Parliament (60 MPs)
Causes of the Factory and Social Reforms (Campaigners and Reformers)
Laissez-faire politics
poor living and working conditions
mistreatment of children (including no schooling)
mistreatment of women
Key events for the Anti-Corn Law League (Campaigners and Reformers)`
1815 - Corn Laws passed
1833 - Anti-Corn Law League formed
1834 - Robert Peel becomes PM and refuses to repeal Corn Laws
1846 - Peel repeals Corn Laws
Key events for the Abolitionist Movement (Campaigners and Reformers)
1780s/90s - many mass campaigns (e.g. 1788 has 108 individual petitions presented to Parliament)
1783 - Granville Sharp loses the Zong case (about 133 slaves being thrown overboard)
1789 - Equiano publishes his book, which dispels racist ideas
1807 - Slave trade is abolished
1833 - slavery is abolished, with 73 Anti-slavery societies existing at the time
Key people/events for the Factory and Social Reforms (Campaigners and Reformers)
Sadler (MP) - working hours, children, 10 hour movement
Lord Shaftesbury (MP) - Lunacy laws, 1833 Ten Hours Bill, 1842 Mines Act, set up Children’s Employment commission in 1840, president of Rugged Schools in 1844
Robert Owen - New Lanark, social clubs & workers’ meeting clubs, infant school in 1816, 8-hour day in 1810
Chadwick - led to Poor Law being amended in 1834, report called ‘The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population’
Fry - Newgate prison reforms
Butler - campaigned to help repeal the Contagious Diseases Act (1869) in 1883, rose age of consent from 13 to 16
Short, medium and long term impact/significance of the Anti-Corn Law League (Campaigners and Reformers)
First completely successful peaceful campaign
Shows efficiency of single-issue campaigns
Development of methods shown
Changed attitude towards Government and shows shift in Government mindset towards working for everyone
Short, medium and long term impact/significance of the Abolitionist Movement (Campaigners and Reformers)
Wide-spread global movement
Uses commercialisation (of propaganda)
Shows rising concern in Britain about basic rights and liberties of all people in the world
Sophisticated class collaboration
Short, medium and long term impact/significance of the Factory and Social Reform (Campaigners and Reformers)
Religion acts as a driving force for individual reformers
Many individuals campaign for single issue campaigns instead of having a large group
Protests shift away from religion/economics and towards social issues
Multiple laws were passed (or repealed) as a response
Middle and upper classes protested to protect the lower classes, with important figures such as MPs using their personal wealth, influence and status for good things
Causes of the 19th Century Unions
poor wages (due to surplus labour)
poverty (due to urbanisation)
high population density = poor sanitation & living conditions
Industrial Revolution (causes social & economic issues)
Key events of the 19th Century Unions
1825 - Combination Act
1833 - Robert Owen forms the GNCTU (Grand National Consolidated Trade Union), which over 500,000 workers join
1834 - Tolpuddle Martyrs (led by George Loveless) are arrested & transport to penal colony Australia, which leads to a peaceful protest of 10,000 people (led by Owen & GNCTU) at Copenhagen Fields and mass petition to show support & pressure government to free martyrs (success)
1837 - SFACS (Scottish Friendly Association of Cotton Spinners) fails to violently strike
1851 - ASE (Amalgamated Society of Engineers) formed - new model union with 33,000 members by 1868, paid membership & moderate methods.
1870s - picketing & strikes became legal
1888 - Match Girl strike for better pay (was 20p/week without fines) & working conditions using public campaign (with Annie Besant) & public boycott
1889 - Dockers Strike - militant strikes & picketing led to pay rise & secure regular working hours (6p/day, 18 ponertine), Australians donate £37,000
Short term impact of the 19th Century Unions
Trade Unions improve their reputation so their action is no longer limited by late 19th Century
Medium and long term impact of the 19th Century Unions
after new model unions, both skilled & unskilled workers use moderate approaches/methods to work with employers to improve pay & working conditions
shows development of unions from disorganised & violent to moderate methods (such as publicity - local & global- & picketing & strikes)
unionism was essential for the socialist movement and Labour Party into the 20th Century (both of which still exist)
Causes of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
lower pay for women
limits on working women (e.g. Mines Act in 1842 banning them from mines)
lack of political representation
Key events of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
1897 - National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) founded by Millicent Fawcett - Suffragists - Peaceful
1903 - Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) formed by - Emmeline Pankhurst - Suffragettes - Violent
1907 - Women's Freedom League (WFL) formed
1912 - WSPU’s violent stone throwing campaign leads to 200+ arrests and NUWSS does a mass pilgrimage from Carlisle to London
1913 - Emily Wilding Davidson dies after being crushed by horse and Cat and Mouse Act is passed
1914-18 - NUWSS and WSPU help with war effort but WFL didn't due to pacifist beliefs
1918 - Representation of the People Act passed by David Lloyd (Women over 21 can vote if property owners or all women over 30)
1928 - all women over age of 21 could vote
1969 - Divorce Reform Act
1970 - Equal Pay Act
1975 - Sex discrimination act
2010 - Equality Act
Short term impact of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
female led protest movement founded and run by women
Medium and long term significance of the Women’s Suffrage Movement
led to an increase in women's rights
Causes of 20th Century Trade Unions
lower demands post-WW1
temporary nationalisation of industries
poor wages/working conditions,
Labour party & socialism
Key events of 20th Century Trade Unions
1914 - government nationalises coal mines
1918 - denationalisation of coal mines
Friday 15th April 1921 - Black Friday - worker’s wages cut and increases working hours
1926 - General Strike Called by TUC - 226,000 middle class volunteers fill in essential jobs so strike ends after 9 days
1927 - Trade Disputes and trade Unions Act
1930s & 40s - union membership falls but rises after WW2
1970s - more restriction on trade unions
1980s - Thatcher-Miners conflict - unemployment rises above 3 million by 1985 = less union members.
Short term impact of 20th Century Trade Unions
General Strike defeated by government
Medium and long term impact of 20th Century Trade Unions
more limits on unions, who could no longer fund (& influence) political parties
unions still exist and ongoing conflicts today
Causes of the Ethnic Minority Rights and Protest
more immigration but bad housing for them
racism
promise of better pay in Britain
Key events of the Ethnic Minority Rights and Protest
1948 - British Nationality Act - allows immigration for 800 million members of Commonwealth
1940s & 50s - mass immigration led to white flight or segregation
1958 (August) - Notting Hill Riots - 400 involved, including Teddy boys and racist (SA-like) White Defence League also had HQ there
1962 & 1968 Commonwealth Immigrant Act(s) - work voucher needed before immigrating to Britain
1971 Immigration Act - replaces work voucher with temporary work permits
Enoch Powell gives racist 'Rivers of Blood' speech, which 74% of people agreed with him
National Front has 20,000 members in 1970s
1965 & 71 Race Relations Act - tries to prevent racial discrimination
1977 - National Front march through diverse Lewisham (but weren’t stopped)
1981 - ‘01 Operation Swamp 81' sees 1000 people stopped in 6 days in Brixton, with mass riot after arrest made (on 10th April)
Scarman Report finds no institutional racism in police but suggested making racism, an offence, which led to the Police Complaint Authority being made
1993 - Stephen Lawrence murder leads to protest & legal challenges over lack of response from police
2010 - Equality Act - race is protected characteristic
Medium and long term significance of the Ethnic Minority Rights and Protest
demonstrates changing causes of protest as world changes and migration leads to race becoming a key cause of conflict (that is ongoing)
minority groups have fought to make the UK more diverse & fair
shows increased diversity in UK
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