GCSE - AQA - History - Power and the People

Economic causes of Baron’s revolt

corrupt raising of taxes - scutage, 11 times

royal income raises from £25k to £150k

Religious causes of the Barons’ Revolt

John is excommunicated

He also places his country under an interdict

He also grants England as a ‘papal fief’

Other causes of Baron’s revolt

(HINT: rep, military)

John’s poor reputation makes him known for his cruelty

His expensive wars often led to failure, which earnt him the nicknames ‘lackland’ and ‘softsword’

Short term impact of Magna Carta

Put limits on monarch’s power

- council of Barons

- limited taxation

Medium term significance of Magna Carta

Laid foundations of Parliament (13th Century)

Used in Petition of Rights to challenge King Charles I (in English Civil War)

Heavily influences 1791 American Constitution and Bill of Rights

Long term significance of Magna Carta

Echoes in 1948 UN Declaration of Human Rights

Used to argue against Covid-19 lockdown

‘Magna Carta of Women’s rights’ discussed by Philippines government

Economic causes of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study

threat of excommunication

high taxes (abusive or funding Pope's mission)

Other causes of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study

failed wars and only 1 success temporarily

dissatisfaction with foreign influence

corruption, nepotism and abuse of power

neglection of English barons and uncooperation

Key events of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study

1258 - Henry attends Great Council of Oxford & signs Provisions of Oxford

1264 - Battle of Lewes - Henry is held hostage & heir Edward imprisoned

1265 - Great Council extends political representation + de Montfort is killed in Battle of Lewes after Edward escapes

Short term impact of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study

extended political representation for first time

overthrowing of an abusive monarch temporarily

Provisions of Oxford specified the role of Parliament in a way that the Magna Carta didn't

Medium and long term impact of the Simon de Montfort, King Henry III and Parliament Case Study

Parliaments authority is expanded & shift away from the

monarch's autocratic rule

Simon de Montfort's legacy - inspires American House of Representatives and Victorians saw him as the "Father of the House of Commons

Edward becomes King in 1272 & calls model parliament' in 1295

Causes of the Peasants’ Revolt

Poll tax

Limited wages due to Statute of Labourers, with serp being unable to seek higher wages (pared in 1351)

General dissatisfaction with serfdom.

Radical priests such as John Ball calling for social equality

Short term impact of the Peasants’ Revolt

Big threat to the King all of & social hierarchy so the king allowed all the rebels’ demands but then cancelled his charters

1500 + rebels executed

execution of King's advisors showed that ruling classes (and the King) could be held to account by those who he ruled

peasants & their leaders had told new ideas about equality & freedom

Medium and long term impact of the Peasants’ Revolt

a serious (and violent) threat against the King's life which undermines his authority and divine righted

shows ongoing social economic issues caused by the Black Death so England had to adapt & change in response or social disorder would erupt

Religious causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace

Break from Rome

Protestant Reformation

Henry becoming Head of Church

the dissolution of monasteries

Divorce from Catherine

Princess Mary becomes illegitimate

Economic causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace

tithes and high taxes

dissolution of monasteries (end of almshouses and King Henry profits from selling land)

Political causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace

Cromwell (status & power)

fear of King's absolutism

lack of Northern political representation

divorce from Catherine

Mary becoming illegitimate

Key events in the Pilgrimage of Grace

October 1536 - Lincolnshire Uprising (57 out of 100 death sentences carried out)

Aske leads a new rebellion and brings it to York (eventually 50,000+ people marched over the banner of the ‘Five wounds of Christ’)

Duke of Norfolk sent to negotiate and over a month, the Commons’ Petition is made

Christmas 1536 - Aske spends Christmas with King Henry VIII

January 1537 - Aske (and other such as Lord Darcy and Hussey) are beheaded/executed, with 74 rebels hung

Short term impact of the Pilgrimage of Grace

reinforces Henry VII's power over church

accelerates English reformation: growth of gentry and increasing religious change

led to the Council of the North (more power to Henry but some representation)

Medium and long term significance of the Pilgrimage of Grace

reinforced social hierarchy

peaceful & diplomatic methods became more popular still used violent and intellectual/academic methods

used religion as a defense to challenge the rule of the King's Parliament

all classes protested together - more communication between gentry, lords/nobility & peasants show development of rebela is rising political role of lower classes + desire for representation

Religious causes of the English Civil War

Armenian reforms Laud

Charles' actions that made him appear as a pseudo-Cathodic

Economic causes of the English Civil War

2 failed wars in France & Spain

corrupt taxes during Personal Rule (ship money and forest fines)

Abuse of power in the English Civil War

Personal Rule

the Star Chamber

5 Members Coup

Individuals in the English Civil War (10 names)

Laud

John Hampden

Prynne

Burton

Bastwick

Pym

Duke of Buckingham

Thomas Wentworth

Cromwell

Fairfax

Key events in the English Civil War (pre-1629)

1628 - MPs bring Charles the 'Petition of Rights’ and Parliament attacks Charles favourite Duke of Buckingham & his failed wars against Spain and France

1629-40:11 year tyranny/Personal rule

Events during 11 year tyranny

uses ship money & forest charter

Laudian reforms promoted

Burton & Prynne & Bastwick argue about reforms so they are pilloried & imprisoned

Scottish National Covenanters invade and capture large parts of North England due to Charles’ refusal to reverse Laudian reforms

Key events in the English Civil War (post-1640)

1640 - end of Personal Rule due to Coventanters’ invasion, Parliament recalled and Earl of Strafford (Wentworth) is called back from Ireland but is later executed due to Pym forcing Charles to pass some laws

October 1641 - Rebellion in Ireland, militia bill passed by MPs and the 5 Members’ Coup occurs

1642-46 - English Civil War - New Model Army leads to Charles being defeated at the Battle of Naseby

December 1648 - Pride’s purge forces Parliament to put Charles on trial

January 1649 - Charles is put on trial and executed (on 30th)

1660- Cromwell dies, so monarchy is restored

Short term impact of the English Civil War

first time a legitimate head of state is put on trial legally challenged) and is executed for treason

a monarch was held to account for & removed due to his actions, which is a direct challenge to monarch’s authority & Divine Right → led to temporary abolition of monarchy & House of Lords

demonstrates real limits of the King, is the first democratic resistance (against King)

shows Parliament's influence & power

disruption of the Great Chain of Being undermined it caused cultural instability

laws introduced allowing religious tolerance for puritans & protestants

Medium and long term significance of the English Civil War

New Model Army & its ordinary soldiers continue playing a big role in police, e.g: 1653- they shut down Rump Parliament

Major Generals rule over 11 districts & use army to enforce social & religiones forces, Puritans saw the legal restrictions as ungodly

new political ideas created (but never occur)

1647 Putney debates - NMA discuss universal suffrage for men: the "leveller discuss votes for all men and the 'diggers' discuss redistribution of land

Cromwell acts as Lord Protector: calls Parliament, controls army & passes laws (King in all but name)

English Republic defeats Dutch Republic in war, establishes control over the English channel using the Navigation Act and restores English military/naval reputation

Cromwell crushes radical groups such as the Levellers & imprisoned their leader John Lilburne

Cromwell massacres a lot of the Irish population, eg women & children were slaughtered after the town of Drogheda was captured

Cromwell was hailed as a hero & pioneer of Parliament in the 19th Century

1657 - Cromwell refuses the crown but accepts the right to name his successor, who is his son

Shows influence of Magna Carta

Causes of the American Revolution

corrupt/unfair taxes such as Stamp Tax (1765) and Navigation Act

demand for (taxation with) representation.

individuals "Sons of Liberty, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, 'Founding Fathers'

Key events in the American Revolution

1770 Boston Massacre - intensifies anti-British sentiment so there is more resistance

1773 Boston Tea Party - 342 crates of tea poured overboard by Sons of Liberty (who dress as Native Americans) so Britain closes Boston fort

1775 Lexington Incident - 20000 minutemen (led by Washington) fire on the British, which marks the start of the American war of Independence

1776 Founding Fathers' meet at Congress in Philadelphia and creates the US Declaration of Independence 'All men are equal but only landowners could vote’

1781 Battle of Yorktown - British are defeated and the USA is formed

Short term impact of the the American Revolution

achieved the initial goal of taxation with representation

shows use of both violent & intellectual protest methods.

America allied with France (a common enemy) - new resistance method.

Medium and long term significance of the American Revolution

formation of a new country that becomes a global superpower, the world's strongest democracy and the trading partner of its previous coloniser

new form of Government (through Constitution & President) which was democratic -in principle- and self-determined (although it was partially based on the Magna Carta)

successful & long-lasting challenge against abusive colonial power

US constitution represents development of ideas about freedom & democracy

Causes of the Chartists Movement

poverty caused by urbanisation

(over & under) representation

suffrage (voting nights)

demand for: secret ballots, infrequent elections (every year)

new political parties (Tories & Whigs)

Peterdor Massacre (16th August 1819) and Great Reform Act 1832

Key events in the Chartists Movement

1836 - London Working Men's Association set up by William Lovett

1838 - First Chartist Convention held in Birmingham where they adopt their 6 aims

November 1839 - Newport Rising - 5000, march on Town Hall which led to 22 Killed & 6 transported to Australia

1839 - First Petition with 1.28 million signatures

1842 - Second Petition with 3.3 million signatures

1848 - Third Petition with 5 million+ signatures (many contested)

Short term impact of the Chartists Movement

the movement was huge and working class led

Medium and long term significance of the Chartists Movement

5 out of their 6 demands were met within the next century (S.T failure but LT. success)

1858 - no property qualifications for MPs

1872 - private ballot

1885 - equal sized constituencies.

1911 - payment of MPs

1918 - vote for all men over 21

shows unified movements, especially through mass petition and strikes/ violent methods (but split due to disagreements)

shows legacy of Magna Carta ('Great Charter') as their name alludes to it

development of protest (shown through public meetings)

first UK-based case study caused by politics

working classes involved & gained knowledge about political affairs

Causes of the Anti-Corn Law League (Campaigners and Reformers)

1815 corn laws (= increased bread prices)

refusal to repeal the corn laws

Causes of the Abolitionist Movement (Campaigners and Reformers)

slavery becoming less profitable (e.g. 300,000+ people refused to buy slave-grown sugar)

slavery (as a social issue)

Christian beliefs (especially Quakers)

West India Lobby in Parliament (60 MPs)

Causes of the Factory and Social Reforms (Campaigners and Reformers)

Laissez-faire politics

poor living and working conditions

mistreatment of children (including no schooling)

mistreatment of women

Key events for the Anti-Corn Law League (Campaigners and Reformers)`

1815 - Corn Laws passed

1833 - Anti-Corn Law League formed

1834 - Robert Peel becomes PM and refuses to repeal Corn Laws

1846 - Peel repeals Corn Laws

Key events for the Abolitionist Movement (Campaigners and Reformers)

1780s/90s - many mass campaigns (e.g. 1788 has 108 individual petitions presented to Parliament)

1783 - Granville Sharp loses the Zong case (about 133 slaves being thrown overboard)

1789 - Equiano publishes his book, which dispels racist ideas

1807 - Slave trade is abolished

1833 - slavery is abolished, with 73 Anti-slavery societies existing at the time

Key people/events for the Factory and Social Reforms (Campaigners and Reformers)

Sadler (MP) - working hours, children, 10 hour movement

Lord Shaftesbury (MP) - Lunacy laws, 1833 Ten Hours Bill, 1842 Mines Act, set up Children’s Employment commission in 1840, president of Rugged Schools in 1844

Robert Owen - New Lanark, social clubs & workers’ meeting clubs, infant school in 1816, 8-hour day in 1810

Chadwick - led to Poor Law being amended in 1834, report called ‘The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population’

Fry - Newgate prison reforms

Butler - campaigned to help repeal the Contagious Diseases Act (1869) in 1883, rose age of consent from 13 to 16

Short, medium and long term impact/significance of the Anti-Corn Law League (Campaigners and Reformers)

First completely successful peaceful campaign

Shows efficiency of single-issue campaigns

Development of methods shown

Changed attitude towards Government and shows shift in Government mindset towards working for everyone

Short, medium and long term impact/significance of the Abolitionist Movement (Campaigners and Reformers)

Wide-spread global movement

Uses commercialisation (of propaganda)

Shows rising concern in Britain about basic rights and liberties of all people in the world

Sophisticated class collaboration

Short, medium and long term impact/significance of the Factory and Social Reform (Campaigners and Reformers)

Religion acts as a driving force for individual reformers

Many individuals campaign for single issue campaigns instead of having a large group

Protests shift away from religion/economics and towards social issues

Multiple laws were passed (or repealed) as a response

Middle and upper classes protested to protect the lower classes, with important figures such as MPs using their personal wealth, influence and status for good things

Causes of the 19th Century Unions

poor wages (due to surplus labour)

poverty (due to urbanisation)

high population density = poor sanitation & living conditions

Industrial Revolution (causes social & economic issues)

Key events of the 19th Century Unions

1825 - Combination Act

1833 - Robert Owen forms the GNCTU (Grand National Consolidated Trade Union), which over 500,000 workers join

1834 - Tolpuddle Martyrs (led by George Loveless) are arrested & transport to penal colony Australia, which leads to a peaceful protest of 10,000 people (led by Owen & GNCTU) at Copenhagen Fields and mass petition to show support & pressure government to free martyrs (success)

1837 - SFACS (Scottish Friendly Association of Cotton Spinners) fails to violently strike

1851 - ASE (Amalgamated Society of Engineers) formed - new model union with 33,000 members by 1868, paid membership & moderate methods.

1870s - picketing & strikes became legal

1888 - Match Girl strike for better pay (was 20p/week without fines) & working conditions using public campaign (with Annie Besant) & public boycott

1889 - Dockers Strike - militant strikes & picketing led to pay rise & secure regular working hours (6p/day, 18 ponertine), Australians donate £37,000

Short term impact of the 19th Century Unions

Trade Unions improve their reputation so their action is no longer limited by late 19th Century

Medium and long term impact of the 19th Century Unions

after new model unions, both skilled & unskilled workers use moderate approaches/methods to work with employers to improve pay & working conditions

shows development of unions from disorganised & violent to moderate methods (such as publicity - local & global- & picketing & strikes)

unionism was essential for the socialist movement and Labour Party into the 20th Century (both of which still exist)

Causes of the Women’s Suffrage Movement

lower pay for women

limits on working women (e.g. Mines Act in 1842 banning them from mines)

lack of political representation

Key events of the Women’s Suffrage Movement

1897 - National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) founded by Millicent Fawcett - Suffragists - Peaceful

1903 - Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) formed by - Emmeline Pankhurst - Suffragettes - Violent

1907 - Women's Freedom League (WFL) formed

1912 - WSPU’s violent stone throwing campaign leads to 200+ arrests and NUWSS does a mass pilgrimage from Carlisle to London

1913 - Emily Wilding Davidson dies after being crushed by horse and Cat and Mouse Act is passed

1914-18 - NUWSS and WSPU help with war effort but WFL didn't due to pacifist beliefs

1918 - Representation of the People Act passed by David Lloyd (Women over 21 can vote if property owners or all women over 30)

1928 - all women over age of 21 could vote

1969 - Divorce Reform Act

1970 - Equal Pay Act

1975 - Sex discrimination act

2010 - Equality Act

Short term impact of the Women’s Suffrage Movement

female led protest movement founded and run by women

Medium and long term significance of the Women’s Suffrage Movement

led to an increase in women's rights

Causes of 20th Century Trade Unions

lower demands post-WW1

temporary nationalisation of industries

poor wages/working conditions,

Labour party & socialism

Key events of 20th Century Trade Unions

1914 - government nationalises coal mines

1918 - denationalisation of coal mines

Friday 15th April 1921 - Black Friday - worker’s wages cut and increases working hours

1926 - General Strike Called by TUC - 226,000 middle class volunteers fill in essential jobs so strike ends after 9 days

1927 - Trade Disputes and trade Unions Act

1930s & 40s - union membership falls but rises after WW2

1970s - more restriction on trade unions

1980s - Thatcher-Miners conflict - unemployment rises above 3 million by 1985 = less union members.

Short term impact of 20th Century Trade Unions

General Strike defeated by government

Medium and long term impact of 20th Century Trade Unions

more limits on unions, who could no longer fund (& influence) political parties

unions still exist and ongoing conflicts today

Causes of the Ethnic Minority Rights and Protest

more immigration but bad housing for them

racism

promise of better pay in Britain

Key events of the Ethnic Minority Rights and Protest

1948 - British Nationality Act - allows immigration for 800 million members of Commonwealth

1940s & 50s - mass immigration led to white flight or segregation

1958 (August) - Notting Hill Riots - 400 involved, including Teddy boys and racist (SA-like) White Defence League also had HQ there

1962 & 1968 Commonwealth Immigrant Act(s) - work voucher needed before immigrating to Britain

1971 Immigration Act - replaces work voucher with temporary work permits

Enoch Powell gives racist 'Rivers of Blood' speech, which 74% of people agreed with him

National Front has 20,000 members in 1970s

1965 & 71 Race Relations Act - tries to prevent racial discrimination

1977 - National Front march through diverse Lewisham (but weren’t stopped)

1981 - ‘01 Operation Swamp 81' sees 1000 people stopped in 6 days in Brixton, with mass riot after arrest made (on 10th April)

Scarman Report finds no institutional racism in police but suggested making racism, an offence, which led to the Police Complaint Authority being made

1993 - Stephen Lawrence murder leads to protest & legal challenges over lack of response from police

2010 - Equality Act - race is protected characteristic

Medium and long term significance of the Ethnic Minority Rights and Protest

demonstrates changing causes of protest as world changes and migration leads to race becoming a key cause of conflict (that is ongoing)

minority groups have fought to make the UK more diverse & fair

shows increased diversity in UK