276 exam2

1. Ping

A utility in ICMP used to validate if a host is online and reachable.

2. Tracert

A utility in ICMP used to map the path a packet takes from source to destination.

3. TTL (Time to Live)

Decreases by 1 every time it passes through a router; discarded at 0, rarely is discarded

4. What does TCP do that IP does not?

TCP retransmits lost packets; IP does not.

5. IPv4

A 32-bit logical identifier for devices on a network.

6. IPv6

A 128-bit logical identifier with built-in security features.

7. Static Route

A route manually configured on a router.

8. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

An interior routing protocol preferred over RIP.

9. What is a routing protocol used for?

Exchanging information between routers.

10. ICMP

Provides error reporting and diagnostic utilities.

11. CIDR Notation (192.168.0.0/16)

Denotes network portion of an IP address.

12. IP Header Checksum

Validates header integrity; recalculated at every hop.

13. What are Classful IPs?

An old way of dividing IPs into Class A, B, C, etc.

14. What is Classless addressing?

Allows any IP to be any subnet size, uses CIDR notation.

15. How many routes does a home router typically have?

Usually 2.

16. What are the three private IP ranges?

10.0.0.0, 192.168.0.0, 172.16.0.0-172.32.0.0.

17. NAT (Network Address Translation)

Translates private IPs to a public IP, allocates one public IP for all devices.

18. Subnetting

Dividing a large IP range into smaller blocks.

19. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)

Breaks IP blocks into varying subnet sizes.

20. Dynamic Routers

Automatically learn routes through protocols; adapt to network changes.

21. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

A routing protocol used on the public internet.

22. IPv6 Global Unicast

The equivalent of public IPs in IPv6.

23. CIDR Notation (/24)

Means 24 bits in the network portion of the IP.

24. What does a routing table do?

Represents each network route.

26. Default Gateway

Used when a router can't find a match in the routing table.

27. Is it possible for packets to take different paths from src to dst on a point-to-point network?

No, only one path exists.

28. What does NAT do?

Takes matches on the LAN and provides a single public IP using TCP port numbers.

29. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

Automatically assigns IP addresses.

30. DORA (DHCP Process)

Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge.

31. Benefits of IPv6

Header encryption, no need for NAT, efficient routing.

32. Benefits of IPv4

Compatibility, readability, and NAT provides security.

33. Why would a packet need fragmentation?

To fit the MTU (maximum transmission unit).

34. Recognizing IPv6 Format

Example: fec0:0:0:ffff is a valid IPv6 address format.

How does NAT match traffic to the machine?

uses tcp port numbers

ping -n

sets numver of packets

ping -t

continuous ping

ping -l

sets size of ping payload

ping -f

Do not fragment packets

Do NA orgs need to switch to ipv6?

No