Education

functionalist view

emphasizes the smooth working of the machine and, by extension, the maintenance of the social order

Socialization

process by which people come to share the values, morals, beliefs, and ways of acting that are expected in their society

Manifest function

obvious, intended

these are the things we openly create an institution to do. One of the manifest functions of schools is to provide students with the skills and knowledge that society needs them to have.

Latent functions

unintended or unrecognized. 

ex: schools fulfill the latent function of providing childcare during much of the year

conflict perspective

society is a struggle over power and that those who have power will work very hard, and in complex ways, to hold onto it.

functionalists see a

machine

conflict theorists see a

battlefield or chessboard

achievement ideology

disguises how unfair things really are

schools are really a contest that favors the powerful

social reproduction

most people leave school prepared for a position in the same social class that they were in when they started their education

serves the interests of the powerful

four types of capital that lead to power resources and opportunities

social, cultural, economic, and symbolic.

social capital

the ways people can use their social connec-tions to gain knowledge, access, and other benefits.

cultural capital

knowledge and skills we possess that are 1) in short supply (not everyone has them) and 2) valued by schools and other institutions

Social interactionist theory-

-Perspective that looks at how people interact in normal life, including taken-for-granted behaviors

Critical Race Theory

institutionalized nature of racism and its manifestation in schools.

factors causing the achievement/ opportunitiy gap

race, social class, ethnicity, gender

rich vs poor bigger gap than white vs black

differences between children living in poverty and not

health/ wellbeing (food insecurity, lead poisoning, toothache)

home lives (stress, moving around, parents distracted)

parents’ edu level 

concerted cultivation

Middle-class families were deliberate about preparing their children for future success

helps children develop culture capital

de facto school segregation

As the Latino population in the U.S. has grown, the clustering of Latino families in particular areas (and the decline in the number of White peo-ple in those areas) has increased residential segregation.

double segregation

Schools with large numbers of Black and Latino students are also

more likely to have large numbers of low-income students

blaming the climate

educators generally respond more forcefully to student misbehavior that exists in schools with higher percentages of students of color

double jeopardy

Teachers’ individual biases and the impact of school com-position come together to make these students significantly more likely than White boys to be disciplined by the teacher

heteronormativity

the assumption that people are heterosexual and that biological sex and gender identity are aligned

Accomplishment of natural growth

A less intensive form of parenting, more common among working class parents, that relies less on investing lots of time and money in each individual child’s success

hidden curriculum

about socialization

It teaches students how they should behave, how they should expect to be treated, and whose ideas are important

De jure segregation

enforced by law

tracking

assigning students to classes based on their achievement levels

second-generation segregation

segregation inside schools that are supposedly desegregated

2001 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

the federal govern-ment took on an even larger role, mandating that states establish stan-dards for the curriculum, test students frequently, and intervene if poor student scores don’t improve

bubble students

those closest to passing the standardized exams

essential elements for schools

student-centered, positive ties between families and educators, professional capacity, ambitious instruction, and a strong leade