Geology 1 Test

Uniformitarianism

present is key to the past

How is Geology in Our Lives? Resources are limited ------- Need sustainable use. Water Resources =

Drought

How is Geology in Our Lives? Resources are limited ------- Need sustainable use. Energy =

Air Pollution & Climate Change

How is Geology in Our Lives? Resources are limited ------- Need sustainable use. Mineral Resources =

Contamination

How is Geology in Our Lives? Resources are limited ------- Need sustainable use. Land Use =

Ecologic Impacts

Specific Method: Observations

Are made and measured data is collected

Specific Method: Hypothesis

is formed to explain the observations or data

Scientific Method: Test

the hypothesis repeatedly and systematically

Scientific Method: Theory

is formed as accepted explanation for an observation or set of data

What is the Big Bang?

origin of the universe, matter was concentrated with infinite density at a single point, from which it exploded — hydrogen and helium

When did the Bing Bang occur?

Occurred 14 billion years ago expanding ever since**

When was the formation of the earth

starting 4.6 billion years ago

What are the factor considering Nebula Theory

matter condenses into a swirling disc, collapses with a central ball surrounded by rings.

How old is the Earth?

4.6 billion years old

When was the Plate Tectonics Theory developed as a hypothesis?

1950's and 1960's

In which decade did the Plate Tectonics Theory evolve into a theory?

1970's

What major impact did the Plate Tectonics Theory have on geology?

It revolutionized geology by tying observations together.

What are the important factors that relate to Geological Time? Earthquakes x TIME =

Mountains

What are the important factors that relate to Geological Time? Stream Erosion x TIME =

Canyons

What are the important factors that relate to Geological Time? Snow and Climate Change x TIME =

Glaciers

What are the important factors that relate to Geological Time? Sand and Mud from Rivers washing into Oceans x TIME =

Shoreline / Beaches

What is the Unifying Theory of Geology?

explains natural disasters and distribution of natural resources

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Earthquakes and volcanoes - locate boundaries

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Sea Floor topography - shelf, slope & rise

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Trenches

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Ridges & hydrothermal vents

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Paleomagnetism

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Sea Floor Spreading - Age of the sea floor is younger than the continents

Types of Plate Boundaries

Divergent, Convergent, and Transform

What are Divergent Boundaries?

when lithospheric plates move away from each other

What does Magma do during Divergent Plate Boundaries?

When it pulls apart Magma comes up from the deep, as the magma comes up it pushes everything to the side and forces the plates apart

What are Convergent Boundaries?

when lithospheric plates move toward each other

What do Subduction zones form and make?

Subduction zones form which produces a trench. Subduction zones are active geologic places like Volcanism, Earthquakes, Island arc

What are Transform Boundaries?

When two plates slide past each other

What is an example of Transform Boundaries?

San Andreas Fault . Plates slide by each other

What is the Driving Mechanism for Plate Tectonics?

Convection cells in mantle which drives plates apart. And Upwelling of heat and magma that occurs at divergent plate boundaries.

What crust forms during Divergent Boundaries

New Oceanic Crust formed

What are Hot Spots?

Located independent of plate boundaries. They document rates of plate movement

What activity is associated with Hot Spots?

Volcanic activity (e.g., Hawaiian Islands and Yellowstone)

Minerals are naturally occurring …

Not man made

Minerals are inorganic …

Not organic

Minerals are solid …

not liquid element or compound

Minerals are crystalline …

Regular internal structure

Mineral have distinct physical properties that are…

used to identify

Atoms are …

Smallest unit of matter that an element can be divided into and still retain its chemical characteristics

What are atoms composed of?

Composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons

What is a nucleus composed of?

protons (+) and neutrons (o)

What do the number of protons define?

The chemical element and atomic number

What do the number of electrons (-) orbiting the nucleus is determined by…

the number of positivity charged protons

What are Elements?

substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons

Earths Crust By Weight?

Oxygen (46.6%), Silicon (27.7%), Aluminum (8.1%), Iron (5.0%), Calcium (3.6%), Sodium (2.8%), Potassium (2.6%), Magnesium (2.1%), and all others (1.5%).

What is the abundance of Oxygen in the Earth's crust?

46.3%

What is the abundance of Oxygen in the whole Earth?

29.5%

What is the abundance of Silicon in the Earth's crust?

28.2%

What is the abundance of Silicon in the whole Earth?

15.2%

What is the abundance of Aluminium in the Earth's crust?

8.2%

What is the abundance of Aluminium in the whole Earth?

1.1%

What is the abundance of Iron in the Earth's crust?

5.6%

What is the abundance of Iron in the whole Earth?

34.6%

What is the abundance of Calcium in the Earth's crust?

4.1%

What is the abundance of Calcium in the whole Earth?

1.1%

What are Compounds?

The combining of two or more chemical elements in particular proportions that have distinctive physical properties

Why will Elements in Compounds bond?

because of electrical attraction forming ionic bonds, or the atoms may share electrons, forming covalent bonds

Ions & Iconic Bonds, what does an Anion gain?

electrons (-); has more electrons relative to the number of protons (+)

Ions & Iconic Bonds, what does Cation loose?

electrons (-); has fewer electrons relative to the number of protons (+)

What will the electrical attraction of ions cause in an ionic bond to form?

between oppositely charged ions.

What are Minerals?

An orderly three dimensional array of atoms chemically bonded together to form a crystalline solid

How do you identify Minerals?

Analyze the mineral composition

How do you identify Minerals?

Measure crystal structure and symmetry

How do you identify Minerals?

Observe and measure physical and special properties (Easy for people to see and recognize)

What are Mineral Physical Properties?

luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, specific gravity, reaction to acid, crystal form

What are the two basic categories of mineral luster?

Metallic and Nonmetallic

What does metallic luster look like?

It reflects all light and looks like metal.

What does nonmetallic luster look like?

It is transparent.

Name a descriptive term for nonmetallic luster.

Earthy

What does Pyrite (Fool's Gold) diplay?

Metallic Luster

What are three examples of Perfect Cleavage?

Fluorite, Halite, and Calcite

What is the silicate group composed of?

variety of compounds based of silicon and oxygen

Scale of Mineral Hardness

Mohs

How Many Minerals Are There?

Over 3,500 Minerals

How many minerals are common to the Earth's Crust?

Only about 20

What do you Identify Minerals based on?

Physical Properties

What are other Mineral Groups? - Non-Silicates

Carbonates - CO3 (lower 3) - useful for building materials and manufacturing

What are other Mineral Groups? - Non-Silicates

Sulfates - SO4 (lower 4) - useful for building materials

What are other Mineral Groups? - Non-Silicates

Sulfides - S - Host for many metallic ores (Pb, Cu, Zn, and others)

What are other Mineral Groups? - Non-Silicates

Native Elements - Composed of single element (Carbon as diamond and graphite, Copper, gold, silver, or platinum)

Rocks Formed From Minerals?

What 3 types of Rocks are there?

Mineral Resources - What are Reserves

resource quantity that has been found and can be recovered economically

Mineral Resources - What are Subeconomic

known for deposits which currently cannot be economically recovered

Mineral Resources - What is Hypothetical

additional deposits which might be found in areas of known deposits

Mineral Resources - What are Speculative

additional deposits that might be found in areas where deposits are unkown

What are Ore's?

rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs in concentrations and quantities that are economic to mine

How do you find the number of Neutrons using an element from Period Table?

Atomic Mass - Atomic Number

What do Plate Tectonics Explain?

The distribution of Valuable Ores on Earth

What are the 3 broad types of Rocks?

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

What is the source of igneous rocks?

Melting of rocks in hot, deep crust and upper mantle

What is the process that forms igneous rocks?

Crystallization (solidification of magma)

What is the source of sedimentary rocks?

weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at surface

What is the process of Sedimentary rocks?

Deposition, burial, and lithification