runestone academy ap csp unit 2

computing innovation

-executes a program as a fundamental part of its function
-can be physical, non-physical software, or non-physical concepts

algorithm

\-step-by-step procedure that solves a problem

-each step must be precise, unambiguous & doable

-can be expressed using only sequence, selection, and repetition

program

-code statements/sequence of instructions that controls a computer
-must be loaded into a computer's memory to run
-CPU executes it one instruction at a time

control structure

programming language statements that control the flow of a computer program

code segments

collection of program statements

sequence

-series of one or more statements in a computer program

sequence control structure (sequencing)

application of each step of an algorithm in the order the steps are given

selection

process in which a question is asked, and depending on the answer, the program takes one of two courses of action

selection control structure

uses a Boolean condition to determine which 2 parts of an algorithm are used

repetition/iteration

used when a program needs to repeatedly process one or more instructions until some condition is met

repetition control structure

repeating of an algorithm for a specified number of times until a condition is met

input

-data sent to a computer for processing by a program
-can be tactile, audible, visual, or text

output

-data sent back by a program to a device
-can be tactile, audible, visual, or text

user interface (UI)

computer application in which a user interacts with a program

user events

actions performed by the user

UI components

parts of the user interface (i.e. buttons, labels)

function

-behavior of a program when it is executed
-what the code carries out when running

purpose

-the problem a program is intending to solve
-the interest the program is pursuing
-the reason why the program is being written

event-driven programming

-program activated by events like button clicks
-events supply input data to a program, triggering blocks of code in a program that influence its behavior

event handler

block of code that reacts to an event

integrated development environment (IDE)

-software that provides tools for programming (i.e. UI design, code editing)
-provides a way to interpret and run the program

hardware

\-electronic and mechanical components that execute the instructions of a computer program

software

\-computer programs or code that control the hardware

\-serves as interface between an individual and their computer

if-else

selection or conditional algorithm in which a program is allowed to make decisions based on a condition

if-else condition

enables an app to ask questions & make decisions

Boolean condition

-true/false condition
-named after George Boole (1815-1864)

computer

machine that processes information under control of a program

data

distinct information formatted uniquely (i.e. text on paper, bytes stored in electronic memory)

data center

physical/virtual infrastructures used by enterprises to house computer, server, & networking systems, and components for IT (information technology) needs

data network

telecommunication network in which computers are allowed to exchange data

bit

-binary digit
-smallest unit of data
-1 or 0

byte

group of 8 bits

network

group of two or more computers linked together

social network

-social structure made of nodes (individuals or organizations)
- represents relationships & flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers, or other information/knowledge processing entities

general purpose computer

-runs on many different platforms (i.e programs, apps)
-includes smartphones and tablets

special purpose computer

-contains a fixed program, only allowing it to run a single set program
-Includes calculators, watches, a car’s anti-lock braking system

machine language (binary code)

-programming language that is machine readable (1’s and 0’s)
-closer to the machine hardware

high-level language (pseudocode)

\-programming language that is readable by humans
\-blend of english and code

central processing unit (CPU)

\-hardware that processes the program’s instructions
\-carries out the instructions of a computer program

random access memory (RAM)

temporarily stores the computer’s programs and data while the power is on

storage devices

permanently stores data even while the computer is off (i.e. disk drives, flash drives, CDs)

input devices

transfers information into the computer’s memory (i.e. touchscreen, mic)

output devices

transfers information out of the memory (i.e. touchscreen, speaker)

I/O connector

connects input/output devices

motherboard

houses all of the computer’s main electronic components

computer chip (integrated circuit/IC)

-contains millions of electronic circuits
-integrates billions of transistors and logic gates

Moore's Law

number of transistors per sq. in. on ICs will roughly double every 2 years since its invention

compiler

software that translates human readable code (source code) into binary code

compilation

-process of translating an entire source into a single binary file
-more efficient

interpretation

\-process of translating source code into machine language one instruction at a time

-easier to debug

operating system

collection of computer software in which hardware resources are managed & common services are provided to computer programs

applications

program or group of programs designed for end users (i.e. Firefox, Excel, Angry Birds)

memory

physical device used to store information for use in a computer or other digital electronic device (i.e. disk drive, flash drive)

disk drive

randomly addressable & rewritable storage device

Internet

-An international public network of independent & autonomous computer networks
-Governed by & uses Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to communicate
-Connects millions of networks through electronic links, wireless links, and networking technologies
-Includes inter-linked hypertext documents, applications of the WWW, infrastructure to support email, peer-to-peer networks for file-sharing and telephony

Cloud

-Popular term for the Internet
-Facebook, Google, Twitter are often referred to as cloud applications

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

suite of protocols that determine the behavior of the Internet

protocol

-System of rules that govern the behavior of a system
-Internet Protocol is the main protocol that transfers information on networks

World Wide Web (WWW)

-Internet application that stores a collection of documents, images, and resources based on HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
-Accessed through a browser

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

rules that govern the WWW application

Tim Berners-Lee

-inventor of the WWW
-Felt the WWW brought the Internet to a higher level of abstraction

browser

-program that displays web pages
-used to navigate the WWW

distributed applications

-applications that run on a single network (i.e. email, file transfer, instant messaging, telephony)
-governed by protocols

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) or Post Office Protocol (POP)

email

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

file transfer

Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

instant messaging

Voice Over IP (VoIP)

telephony

open standard

-Standards openly available to the public
-Not owned by any corporation
-Allows devices, services, and applications to work together across a widespread network of networks
-Created and managed through public processes by open international communities (i.e. International Engineering Task Force)
-Key for the exponential growth of the Internet

International Engineering Task Force (IETF)

develops and supervises open standards i.e. HTTP (www), SMTP (mail)

abstraction

-general and simplified representation of something
-formed by the inclusion of details necessary to make the abstraction useful
-reduces complexity, making computer systems easier to use and understand

abstracting

process of removing details and condensing information

data abstraction

generalizes access to a collection of data

procedural abstraction

-process of organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures
-can be implored by name

constant

abstraction that represents a single thing (the number 5)

variable

holds many values in a program/represents many things (symbol X)

binary number system

-System that represents data in a computer system based on 1’s and 0’s (base-2)
-Used to easily represent the difference between a switch being “on” or “off”/voltage being “high” or “low” in an electronic circuit

base

-the amount of distinct digits or symbols representing numbers in a numerical system

positional number system

system that determines the value of a digit in a number based on its place

overflow error

\-Occurs when a computer attempts to handle a number outside of its defined range of numerical values

octal number system

base-8 (0-7)

hexadecimal system

base-16 (0-9 and A-F)

blacklist

list of email addresses or IP addresses for organizations that are known to be spammers.

whitelist

list of email addresses or IP addresses for organizations that are known to be spam free

intellectual property

-property that is the result of creativity
-includes patents, copyrights, and trademarks

transistor

-semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power
-building block of electronic devices

flip-flop (latch)

-Digital circuit that has two-states, ON or OFF, to store a 1 or 0
-Fundamental unit of computer memory

gate

tiny electronic circuit that performs a basic logic operation

AND gate

-Circuit with 2 inputs and 1 output
-Output is TRUE/ON when both inputs are TRUE/ON

OR gate

-Circuit with 2 inputs and 1 output
-Output is TRUE/ON when one or both inputs are TRUE/ON

NOT gate

-Circuit with 2 inputs and 1 output
-Output is TRUE/ON when its outputs are FALSE/OFF and vice versa

cyberspace

non-physical terrain created by computer systems.