runestone academy ap csp unit 2

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computing innovation

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91 Terms

1

computing innovation

-executes a program as a fundamental part of its function -can be physical, non-physical software, or non-physical concepts

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2

algorithm

-step-by-step procedure that solves a problem

-each step must be precise, unambiguous & doable

-can be expressed using only sequence, selection, and repetition

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program

-code statements/sequence of instructions that controls a computer -must be loaded into a computer's memory to run -CPU executes it one instruction at a time

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control structure

programming language statements that control the flow of a computer program

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5

code segments

collection of program statements

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6

sequence

-series of one or more statements in a computer program

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sequence control structure (sequencing)

application of each step of an algorithm in the order the steps are given

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selection

process in which a question is asked, and depending on the answer, the program takes one of two courses of action

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selection control structure

uses a Boolean condition to determine which 2 parts of an algorithm are used

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10

repetition/iteration

used when a program needs to repeatedly process one or more instructions until some condition is met

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11

repetition control structure

repeating of an algorithm for a specified number of times until a condition is met

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12

input

-data sent to a computer for processing by a program -can be tactile, audible, visual, or text

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output

-data sent back by a program to a device -can be tactile, audible, visual, or text

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14

user interface (UI)

computer application in which a user interacts with a program

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user events

actions performed by the user

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16

UI components

parts of the user interface (i.e. buttons, labels)

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function

-behavior of a program when it is executed -what the code carries out when running

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18

purpose

-the problem a program is intending to solve -the interest the program is pursuing -the reason why the program is being written

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event-driven programming

-program activated by events like button clicks -events supply input data to a program, triggering blocks of code in a program that influence its behavior

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event handler

block of code that reacts to an event

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integrated development environment (IDE)

-software that provides tools for programming (i.e. UI design, code editing) -provides a way to interpret and run the program

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hardware

-electronic and mechanical components that execute the instructions of a computer program

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23

software

-computer programs or code that control the hardware

-serves as interface between an individual and their computer

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if-else

selection or conditional algorithm in which a program is allowed to make decisions based on a condition

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if-else condition

enables an app to ask questions & make decisions

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Boolean condition

-true/false condition -named after George Boole (1815-1864)

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27

computer

machine that processes information under control of a program

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data

distinct information formatted uniquely (i.e. text on paper, bytes stored in electronic memory)

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29

data center

physical/virtual infrastructures used by enterprises to house computer, server, & networking systems, and components for IT (information technology) needs

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data network

telecommunication network in which computers are allowed to exchange data

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bit

-binary digit -smallest unit of data -1 or 0

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byte

group of 8 bits

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network

group of two or more computers linked together

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34

social network

-social structure made of nodes (individuals or organizations)

  • represents relationships & flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers, or other information/knowledge processing entities

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35

general purpose computer

-runs on many different platforms (i.e programs, apps) -includes smartphones and tablets

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special purpose computer

-contains a fixed program, only allowing it to run a single set program -Includes calculators, watches, a car’s anti-lock braking system

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machine language (binary code)

-programming language that is machine readable (1’s and 0’s) -closer to the machine hardware

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38

high-level language (pseudocode)

-programming language that is readable by humans -blend of english and code

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39

central processing unit (CPU)

-hardware that processes the program’s instructions -carries out the instructions of a computer program

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random access memory (RAM)

temporarily stores the computer’s programs and data while the power is on

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storage devices

permanently stores data even while the computer is off (i.e. disk drives, flash drives, CDs)

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input devices

transfers information into the computer’s memory (i.e. touchscreen, mic)

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output devices

transfers information out of the memory (i.e. touchscreen, speaker)

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I/O connector

connects input/output devices

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45

motherboard

houses all of the computer’s main electronic components

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46

computer chip (integrated circuit/IC)

-contains millions of electronic circuits -integrates billions of transistors and logic gates

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Moore's Law

number of transistors per sq. in. on ICs will roughly double every 2 years since its invention

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48

compiler

software that translates human readable code (source code) into binary code

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49

compilation

-process of translating an entire source into a single binary file -more efficient

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interpretation

-process of translating source code into machine language one instruction at a time

-easier to debug

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51

operating system

collection of computer software in which hardware resources are managed & common services are provided to computer programs

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52

applications

program or group of programs designed for end users (i.e. Firefox, Excel, Angry Birds)

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53

memory

physical device used to store information for use in a computer or other digital electronic device (i.e. disk drive, flash drive)

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disk drive

randomly addressable & rewritable storage device

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55

Internet

-An international public network of independent & autonomous computer networks -Governed by & uses Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to communicate -Connects millions of networks through electronic links, wireless links, and networking technologies -Includes inter-linked hypertext documents, applications of the WWW, infrastructure to support email, peer-to-peer networks for file-sharing and telephony

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56

Cloud

-Popular term for the Internet -Facebook, Google, Twitter are often referred to as cloud applications

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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

suite of protocols that determine the behavior of the Internet

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protocol

-System of rules that govern the behavior of a system -Internet Protocol is the main protocol that transfers information on networks

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World Wide Web (WWW)

-Internet application that stores a collection of documents, images, and resources based on HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) -Accessed through a browser

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HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

rules that govern the WWW application

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Tim Berners-Lee

-inventor of the WWW -Felt the WWW brought the Internet to a higher level of abstraction

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browser

-program that displays web pages -used to navigate the WWW

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63

distributed applications

-applications that run on a single network (i.e. email, file transfer, instant messaging, telephony) -governed by protocols

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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) or Post Office Protocol (POP)

email

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

file transfer

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66

Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

instant messaging

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Voice Over IP (VoIP)

telephony

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68

open standard

-Standards openly available to the public -Not owned by any corporation -Allows devices, services, and applications to work together across a widespread network of networks -Created and managed through public processes by open international communities (i.e. International Engineering Task Force) -Key for the exponential growth of the Internet

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69

International Engineering Task Force (IETF)

develops and supervises open standards i.e. HTTP (www), SMTP (mail)

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70

abstraction

-general and simplified representation of something -formed by the inclusion of details necessary to make the abstraction useful -reduces complexity, making computer systems easier to use and understand

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71

abstracting

process of removing details and condensing information

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72

data abstraction

generalizes access to a collection of data

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73

procedural abstraction

-process of organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures -can be implored by name

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74

constant

abstraction that represents a single thing (the number 5)

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variable

holds many values in a program/represents many things (symbol X)

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76

binary number system

-System that represents data in a computer system based on 1’s and 0’s (base-2) -Used to easily represent the difference between a switch being “on” or “off”/voltage being “high” or “low” in an electronic circuit

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77

base

-the amount of distinct digits or symbols representing numbers in a numerical system

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78

positional number system

system that determines the value of a digit in a number based on its place

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79

overflow error

-Occurs when a computer attempts to handle a number outside of its defined range of numerical values

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80

octal number system

base-8 (0-7)

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81

hexadecimal system

base-16 (0-9 and A-F)

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82

blacklist

list of email addresses or IP addresses for organizations that are known to be spammers.

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83

whitelist

list of email addresses or IP addresses for organizations that are known to be spam free

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84

intellectual property

-property that is the result of creativity -includes patents, copyrights, and trademarks

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85

transistor

-semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power -building block of electronic devices

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86

flip-flop (latch)

-Digital circuit that has two-states, ON or OFF, to store a 1 or 0 -Fundamental unit of computer memory

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87

gate

tiny electronic circuit that performs a basic logic operation

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88

AND gate

-Circuit with 2 inputs and 1 output -Output is TRUE/ON when both inputs are TRUE/ON

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89

OR gate

-Circuit with 2 inputs and 1 output -Output is TRUE/ON when one or both inputs are TRUE/ON

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NOT gate

-Circuit with 2 inputs and 1 output -Output is TRUE/ON when its outputs are FALSE/OFF and vice versa

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91

cyberspace

non-physical terrain created by computer systems.

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