approach to eq urinary

What are common presenting signs of suspected renal disease?

Quiet, inappetent, change in urine output.

What is assessed in the haematology of suspected renal disease?

Total proteins (TP) to assess hydration status; low albumin indicates Protein Losing Nephropathy (PLN).

What enzymes/levels are typically investigated in biochemistry for renal disease?

Azotaemia and calcium level, which is usually increased.

What does a high urine dipstick pH indicate?

Acute Renal Failure (ARF).

What does increased corticomedullary definition on ultrasound suggest?

Papillary necrosis due to NSAIDs.

What type of hydration therapy is used for general management of renal disease?

Intravenous fluid therapy (IVFT).

What is the dietary recommendation for managing renal disease?

Balanced protein, low salt, low carbohydrate diet.

What are the key differences in presenting signs between ARF and CKD?

ARF may present with colic signs and pyrexia; CKD presents with weight loss, PUPD, and dull hair coat.

What urinary diagnostic findings are indicative of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Isosthenuric urine specific gravity, proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, and small kidneys on ultrasound.

What is the treatment approach for acute renal failure (ARF)?

Stop nephrotoxic drugs, treat the primary cause, provide IVFT.

What is the normal range for PD (polydipsia) in ml/kg/day?

Greater than 100 ml/kg/day.

What can cause pathological PUPD?

Conditions like chronic renal failure (CRF) and diabetes mellitus (DM).

What do different timings of pigmenturia indicate?

Beginning indicates distal urethra issues, throughout suggests kidney or bladder problems, and end indicates bladder issues.

What is a common cause of myoglobinuria?

Rhabdomyolysis due to muscle injury.

What is the initial management strategy for myoglobinuria?

Intravenous fluid therapy (IVFT) to prevent nephrotoxicity.

What is indicated if urine dipstick shows haem positive?

Centrifuge the sample to differentiate between haematuria and discoloured urine.

What does bilirubin positive in urine indicate?

Potential liver disease.

What underlying causes may lead to haematuria?

Conditions such as urolithiasis, urinary tract infection, and exercise-induced issues.

What is a potential consequence of renal ischemia?

Nephrotoxicity from myoglobin accumulation.

What are the signs of a primary disease in CKD?

Anemia and low calcium levels.

What precautions should be taken regarding drug administration in renal disease management?

Avoid nephrotoxic drugs such as NSAIDs and certain antibiotics.

Which investigations help determine the cause of pigmenturia?

Clinical examination, dipstick urinalysis, hematology, and biochemistry.

What can lead to severe dehydration in kidney diseases?

Excessive protein and salt intake.

What defines azotaemia in blood analyses?

Elevated nitrogenous waste levels, particularly creatinine.

What action should be taken if there is suspicion of urinary tract infection?

Culture and sensitivity testing for appropriate antibiotic treatment.

What might treatment for urethral rents include?

Surgical intervention.