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Mitosis
Asexual process where two identical diploid data cells are produced
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Cell cycle
The process that include Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis that produces 2 identical diploid daughter cells
What are the stages of the mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is the first stage of the cell cycle?
Interphase
What is the second stage of the cell cycle?
Prophase
What is the third stage of the cell cycle?
Metaphase
What is the fourth stage of the cell cycle?
Anaphase
What is the fifth stage of the cell cycle?
Telophase
What is the final stage of the cell cycle?
Cytokinesis
What is the first stage of mitosis?
Prophase
What is the second stage of mitosis?
Metaphase
What is the third stage of mitosis?
Anaphase
What is the final stage of mitosis?
Telophase
Does mitosis begin with a diploid or haploid cell?
Diploid
What happens in interphase?
DNA replication
Protein synthesis
Chromosomes form x shapes (2 armed)
What happens in prophase?
Nucleus begins to break down
Spindle fibres appear
Chromosomes thicken/condense
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes lineup along the equator/ middle of the cell
What happens in anaphase?
Chromosomes pull apart and move away to either end of the cell
What happens in telophase?
Nuclei form at either the end of the cell
What happens in cytokinesis?
2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells are produced
Does mitosis produce diploid or haploid cells?
Diploid
Does mitosis produce genetically different or identical cells?
Genetically identical
Binary fission
A type of asexual reproduction used by bacteria
Cancer
Disease caused by uncontrolled cell division by mitosis
Tumour
A lump formed of cancer cells
What does uncontrolled cell division cause?
Tumours
Name 2 types of tumours
Benign and Malignant
Do benign tumours usually grow slowly or quickly?
Slowly
Do malignant tumours usually grow slowly or quickly?
Quickly
Are benign tumours cancerous?
No
Are malignant tumours cancerous?
Yes
Are benign tumours usually easy to remove?
Yes
Are malignant tumours usually easy to remove?
No
What type of tumour doesn’t invade the parts of the body?
Benign
Do benign tumours spread?
No
Do malignant tumours spread?
Yes
Explain the process of malignant cells spreading
Cells secrete chemicals
Stimulate blood vessels to grow
Cells detach
Spread via blood
Form new tumors called secondary tumors
Differentiation
When unspecialised cells like stem cells become specialised
Undifferentiated
Unspecialised cells that don’t have a function
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that differentiate into specialised cells
Embryonic stem cells
Undifferentiated cells in an early embryo that differentiate into any type of specialised cells
Adult stem cells
Undifferentiated cells in an early embryo that differentiate into any type of specialised cells
Are stem cells undifferentiated or differentiated?
Undifferentiated
Are specialised cells undifferentiated or differentiated?
Differentiated
Do stem cells have a function?
No
What can stem cells differentiate into?
Specialised cells like heart muscle cells, red blood cells, nerve cells
What do stem cells replace?
Replace damaged cells
What do stem cells repair?
Repair damaged tissue
Where are adult stem cells found?
Bone marrow
What can adult stem cells differentiate into?
Only major tissues/organ cells
What can embryonic stem cells differentiate into?
Any specialised cell
What are the benefits of using stem cells for medicine?
Used to treat currently untreatable conditions
Used to grow organs for transplants
Used for medical research
What are the risks of using stem cells for medicine?
Rejection
Ethical issues around use of embryonic stem cells
Could be contaminated with pathogens
Stem cells divide quickly which could lead to cancer
Where does cell division in plants occur?
Meristem
Meristem
An area of undifferentiated cells in a plant where cells are dividing rapidly by mitosis
What is another name for the meristem?
Zone of cell division
What occurs in the zone of elongation?
Cells increase in length and contribute to plant growth
What occurs in zone of differentiation?
Stem cells differentiate into specialised cells
What does CNS stand for?
Central Nervous System
Stimuli
A thing or event that leads to a reaction
What do receptors detect?
Stimuli
Where are the 5 receptors in the body?
Eyes, skin, ears, nose, tongue.
What stimuli do the eyes detect?
Light and color
What stimuli do the ears detect?
Sound and vibrations
What stimuli does the skin detect?
Pressure and pain
What stimuli do the tongue detect?
Chemicals in food
What stimuli does the nose detect?
Chemicals in the air
Name the 3 types of neurone in order
Sensory, relay and motor
What is the first neurone in the nervous system?
Sensory neurone
What is the last neurone in the nervous system?
Motor neurone
Describe the structure of sensory neurone
Dendrites
Dendron
Cell body with nucelus
Axon
Axon terminals
Myelin sheath
Describe the structure of relay neurone
Dendrites
Cell body with nucleus
Axon
Axon terminals
Describe the structure of motor neurone
Dendrites
Cell body with nucleus
Axon
Axon terminals
Myelin sheath
What structures do all 3 neurones have?
Dendrites
Cell body with nucleus
Axon
Axon terminals
Which neurones have a myelin sheath?
Sensory and motor neurone
Which neurones have a dendron?
Sensory neurone
Which neurone is connected to the effector?
Motor neurone
Effector
Muscle/gland
Myelin sheath
Fatty layer that insulate the neurone. This speeds up the electrical impulses transmission so less impulse is lost to the surroundings.
Does myelin sheath protect or insulate the neurone?
Insulate
Does the myelin sheath speed up or slow down the electrical impulse transmission?
Speed up
What is a gap between 2 neurones?
Synapse
Synapse
A gap between 2 neurones; connects the neurones
What happens in the synapse between neurones?
The impulse reaches the axon terminals
A neurotransmitter diffuses across the gap
Next neurone detects this
New impulse is generates
Explain the process of the electrical impulse across the CNS
Receptors detect stimuli
Information converts into an electrical impulse
Impulse travels along sensory neurone, synapse, relay neurone, synapse, motor neurone and then the effector
This generates a response
Name the different parts of the brain
Cerebral cortex, spinal cord, cerebellum and medulla oblongata
What is the largest part of the brain?
Cerebral cortex
What side of the body does the right side of the cerebral cortex control?
Left
What side of the body does the left side of the cerebral cortex control?
Right
What do different parts of the cerebral cortex control?
Different things like language, vision, smell , personality, movement etc.
What is the cerebral cortex split into?
2 hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
The largest part of the brain that’s split into 2 hemispheres
Different parts are responsible for different things like speech, vision, movement, language, personality etc.
Right side controls left side of the body
Left side controls right side of the body
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Balance, posture, fine muscle activity
What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?
Controls heart rate, breathing, automatic/unconscious responses, reflexes for vomiting + sneezing
Spinal cord
A bundle of neurones that carries electrical impulses around the body. It relays information form the brain to the rest pf the body.
What part of the brain controls language, speech, movement, vision, smell, personality etc.?
Cerebral cortex
What part of the brain controls fine muscle activity, balance and posture?
Cerebellum
What part of the brain controls automatic/unconscious responses like heart rate, breathing and reflexes for vomiting + sneezing?
Medulla oblongata
What is a bundle of neurones that carries impulses from the brain to the rest of the body?
Spinal cord
