organic synthesis

What does a receiver look like

What does a screw tap adaptor look like

What does a still head look like

What are anti bumping granules for

To prevent large bubbles from forming and shaking the apparatus

How to find out which layer in a solution is organic and aqueous

If you add water the aqueous layer will increase in size

What will cause impurities in organic layers

Reactions with acids

How to remove acid impurities from the organic layer

Add sodium carbonate to a separating funnel, invert and open the tap to let the carbon dioxide out

Drying agents

Anhydrous salts

How to dry a solution

Add a drying agent and swirl the flask then leave a stopper on. The liquid will be clear if it is dry

Alkane to haloalkane conditions/reagants

halogen and UV light

Alkene to haloalkane conditions/reagants

hydrogen halide (or halogen)

Alkene to alkane conditions/reagants

Hydrogen with nickel catalyst at 423K

Alkene to alcohol conditions/reagants

Steam with a phosphoric acid catalyst

Alcohol to alkene conditions/reagents

Concentrated phosphoric acid to undergo elimination

Alcohol to haloalkane conditions/reagents

Concentrated sulfuric acid and sodium halide

Haloalkane to alcohol conditions/reagents

Sodium hydroxide under reflux

Alcohol to ketone

Heating under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate with a secondary alcohol

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

Heating under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate with a primary alcohol

Alcohol to aldehyde

Distillation with acidified potassium dichromate of a primary alcohol