PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Avignon Papacy

The period when the papacy was located in Avignon, France instead of Rome, lasting from 1309 to 1377.

Simony

The buying and selling of church offices, considered a corrupt practice.

Indulgences

Payments made to the church for the forgiveness of sins, promoted by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages.

Purgatory

The doctrine developed in the 12th century stating that after death, one goes to a middle state between heaven and hell.

95 Theses

A document written by Martin Luther outlining his complaints against the Catholic Church.

Printing Press

An invention that allowed for the rapid spread of Martin Luther's 95 Theses across the Holy Roman Empire.

Priesthood of All Believers

The belief that all Christians have access to God and do not require a priestly intermediary.

Martin Luther

A key figure in the Protestant Reformation who challenged the Catholic Church's practices and doctrines.

Diet of Worms

An imperial council that addressed Martin Luther's teachings and demanded he recant, which he refused.

John Calvin

A Protestant reformer known for systematizing Protestant doctrine and establishing a theocracy in Geneva.

Predestination

Calvinist doctrine teaching that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned.

Theocracy

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God, as seen in Calvin's Geneva.

Anabaptists

A religious group that separated from Lutherans and Calvinists, advocating for adult baptism.

Puritanism

A movement within the Church of England emerged in the late 16th century advocating for further reformation.

Anglican Church

The Church of England established by Henry VIII after his dispute with the Catholic Church.

Elizabeth I

The Queen of England who reigned after Henry VIII and faced challenges from Puritans.

English Civil War

A conflict between the monarchy and Parliament fueled by religious tensions and Puritan reforms.

Calvin's Institutes

A foundational text of Calvinist theology, systematizing the doctrines of the Reformation.

Elect

Those whom God has chosen for salvation in Calvinist theology.

Reformation Spread

The dissemination of ideas that challenged the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism.