Flashcard Criminal Justice | Quizlet

False

Most criminal cases are processed through the entire formal justice system.

True

When violence rates surged in the 1980's, the increase was due almost entirely to young people

Stare Decisis

In the days of William the Conqueror, when the judge had citizens tell of the crimes that had occurred since his last visit, the judge then decided what to do in each case using local custom and rules of conduct as his guide in a system known as:

False

Police officers can arrest someone if they have a "gut feeling" that the person is guilty of a criminal offense.

True

Women are more likely than men to be be victimized by their acquaintances.

Obitiatry

Regarding the Evolution of Criminal law, the term_____ is associated with helping people take their own lives.

True

The creation of the Chicago Crime Commission in 1919 was he first time that the work of the criminal justice system began to be recognized.

Interactionist

Suggests that criminal law is structured to reflect the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular jurisdiction.

Excuse Defenses

A child under age 7 is not criminally responsible for his/her actions, involuntary drunkenness may be taken into account, or defendants may claim that their actions were a mistake.

Substantive Due Process

Refers to a citizen's right to be protected from criminal laws that may be biased, discriminatory, and otherwise unfair.

Law enforcement, the courts, and the correctional system

The contemporary criminal justice system can be divided into three main components:

90

The percent of all cases that end in a plea bargain, rather than a criminal trial.

The Fourth Amendment

Outlaws illegal searches and seizures by police

Rule of Lex Talionis

The parents of murdered children would obtain closure through the ability to kill the person who killed their child.

20

For every 1000 crimes, approximately___ people are sent to prison.

The West and The South

Which regions of the country usually have significantly higher rates of crime?

Social Process Theory

This theory maintains that people commit crime as a result of the experiences they have while they are being socialized by the various organizations, institutions, and processes of society.

Nonintervention

Proponents of this justice perspective are concerned about the effect of the stigma that criminal suspects bear when they are given negative labels such as "rapist" or "child molester". They believe that justice agencies should limit their involvement with criminal defendants.

Summer

Season of the most reported crimes.

Restorative Justice

Which perspective advocates meditation rather than coercive punishment?

Four Categories of Law

Procedural Law

Substantive Criminal Law

Civil Law

Due Process

Advocates of this justice prospective point out that the justice system remains an adversarial process that pits the forces of the state against those of a solitary individual accused of a crime.

London

The first police agency was developed in 1829 in the city of ____.

True

People employed in private policing outnumber public police.

False

Regardless of style policing, the detective bureau is considered the backbone of police departments.

Double Marginally

Term used to describe the social burden African American offers carry by the virtue of being both minority group and members of law enforcement.

False

When DNA is used as evidence in a rape trial, it is only necessary to take DNA segments from the suspect, since that is who is being charged with the crime.

True

Proactive policing emphasizes stopping crimes before they occur, rather than reacting to crimes that have already occurred.

Los Angeles

In 1910, this city was the first to hire a woman as a police officer with arrest powers.

U.S. Secret Service

The _____ was initially tasked with investigating the counterfeiting of U.S. currency and it continues to do so today, among other functions.

False

Research efforts have shown that the more support police offers get in the workplace, the higher their feelings of stress and anxiety.

Tithing

The Pledge System inclueed where people were grouped in collectives of 10 families called ______, and were entrusted with policing their own minor problems.

Rapid Response

A National Institute of Justice study found that it _____ had virtually no effect on crime due to reasons like people tend to be slow when it comes to reporting crime.

English Common Law

Justification of the use of deadly force via the "fleeing-felon rule" can be traced to_____.

Boston

The city where the first formal U.S. police department was created in 1838.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Since September 11, 2001, this federal agency has reformulated its priorities, making protection of the U.S. from terrorism their number one commitment.

Forensic

"Pertaining to law."

Stop and frisk

In Terry v. Ohio, the Supreme Court ruled that the police can perform a _____ on individuals when they have reasonable suspicion to believe that criminal activity is afoot.

Compstat

The best known technology program, orignated in New York City, that used carefully collected and analyzed crime data to shape policy and evaluate police effectiveness.

Miranda v. Arizona

This Supreme Court case created objective standards for questioning by police after a defendant has been taken into custody.

U.S. Marshals Service

Americas oldest federal agency responsible for protecting federal officials, witness protection, and prisoner transportation.

Problem-Oriented Policing

The concept of "hot spots of crime" is most closely associated with this model of policing.

Good Faith Exception

When evidence is admissible in court if the officers acted in good faith by first obtaining court approval for their search, even if the warrant they received was deficient or faulty.

Sir Robert Peel

The person credited with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act that established the first organized police force in London in 1829.

Probable Cause

The evident criterion necessary to sustain in arrest, or the issuance of an arrest or search warrant.

The Knapp Commission

Commission that classified corrupt police officers in the two categories of heavy meat eaters and addicted grass eaters.

False

Appellate courts try cases.

False

Grand juries meet at the request of the defendant and are open to the public.

25

Regarding possibility of error in death penalty cases, as many as ___ percent of all eyewitnesses may be wrong.

Incarceration and Capital Punishment

The two most traditional and punitive forms of criminal sanctions used today.

Traffic Violations

Courts of limited jurisdiction are most likely to handle these crimes.

True

Every state maintains its own court system

40

The first pretrial diversion programs were established more than ___ years ago to reduce the stigma created by the formal trial process.

Voir Dire

The lengthy process in which a potential jury panel is questioned by the prosecution and the defense, in order to select jurors who are unbiased and objective is called ___.

True

The Sixth Amendment assures the right to counsel at trial.

Concurrent Sentence

IN cases where the defendant is convicted of two or more charges and the judge's sentences for each charge begin on the same day, and are completed when the longest term is served.

Victim Impact Statement

Gives the victim the opportunity to tell their experiences and describe their ordeal as a result of a crime committed.

U.S. Supreme Court

Comprised of 9 members who are appointed for lifetime terms.

Preponderance of the Evidence

The level of proof in a civil case/trial

New York; 10-15 days

The incarceration sentencing concept of "time off for good behavior" was first used in 1817 in the city of _____ and today inmates can earn a rate ranging from _____ per month

Compulsory Process

Defendants have the right to compel the production of witnesses to court via a subpoena by virtue of _____.

Bench Trial

When a jury is waived by the defendant, the judge must decide whether the defendant is guilty via ____.

A court of general jurisdiction

If someone is charged with armed robbery, the trial would take place in _____.

True

The defense can request a motion for a directed verdict from the judge after the prosecution presents its case.

Capital Punishment

The most severe sentence in the U.S. is ____ and approximately 15000 confirmed executions have been carried out in this country to date.

Fase

A sentence of 8-25 years in prison is an example of a determinate sentence.

True

There are specialized courts for gangs, domestic violence, guns, and sex offenders.

Nolo Contendere

The plea where the defendant does not accept or deny responsibility for the crime charged but agrees to accept punishment.

True

The goal of specific deterrence is to convince offenders that the pains of punishment are greater than the benefits of crime.

Jury Nullification

A defense tactic that consists of suggesting that the jury acquit a defendant based on emotion and personal preference, despite evidence that he actually broke the law.