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What is the definition of management?

Management is planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to reach goals.

Why is management important?

It improves efficiency, helps achieve goals, encourages innovation, and boosts productivity.

What are the three levels of management?

Top-level: CEO or President; Middle-level: Department Heads; First-line: Supervisors or Team Leaders.

What are Mintzberg’s managerial roles?

Interpersonal (Leader, Liaison), Informational (Monitor, Spokesperson), Decisional (Entrepreneur, Negotiator).

What does P-O-L-C stand for?

Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling.

What is planning in management?

Setting goals and deciding how to achieve them.

What are the types of planning?

Strategic, Tactical, Operational.

What planning tools are used in management?

SWOT Analysis and SMART Goals.

What is organizing in management?

Arranging tasks and resources through delegation, division of labor, and departmentalization.

What is leading in management?

Motivating and guiding people to achieve organizational goals.

What are the three leadership styles?

Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire.

What is controlling in management?

Monitoring progress and making corrections to stay on track.

What are tools used in controlling?

KPIs, feedback systems, and performance appraisals.

What is Scientific Management?

A theory by Taylor focused on efficiency through standardization.

What is Administrative Theory?

Fayol's theory including 14 management principles.

What is the focus of Behavioral Management?

Employee motivation and human relations.

What did the Hawthorne Studies show?

Social interactions can affect productivity.

What is Systems Theory?

It views the organization as an open system interacting with its environment.

What is Contingency Theory?

The best management approach depends on the situation.

What is TQM?

Total Quality Management focuses on continuous improvement.

What is a functional organizational structure?

Structure grouped by function like HR or Marketing.

What is a divisional structure?

Structure grouped by product, geography, or market.

What is a matrix structure?

Structure combining functional and project-based groupings.

What is a flat structure?

An organization with few management levels.

What is a tall structure?

An organization with many management levels.

What is span of control?

The number of subordinates a manager directly supervises.

What is Trait Theory?

The belief that leaders are born with specific traits.

What is Behavioral Theory?

The idea that leadership can be learned through behavior.

What is Situational Theory?

Leaders should adapt based on the followers and situation.

What are Maslow’s five needs?

Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization.

What are Herzberg’s two factors?

Hygiene factors and Motivators.

What is Theory X and Theory Y?

Theory X sees workers as lazy; Theory Y sees them as motivated.

What are the steps in decision-making?

Identify, Gather info, Make options, Evaluate, Choose, Implement, Review.

What are the types of decisions?

Programmed (routine), Non-programmed (new); Strategic, Tactical, Operational.

What is the communication process?

Sender → Message → Channel → Receiver → Feedback.

What are types of communication?

Formal, Informal, Verbal, Non-verbal, Written.

What are communication barriers?

Language, Perception, Noise, Filtering.

What is change management?

The process of guiding organizational change to reach goals.

What are types of organizational change?

Strategic, Structural, Technological, People.

What is Lewin’s Change Model?

Unfreeze, Change, Refreeze.

What is Kotter’s Change Model?

Eight steps like Urgency, Vision, Empowerment, Short-term wins, and Anchoring change.

What is CSR?

Corporate Social Responsibility means acting ethically and helping society.

What is ethical decision-making?

Making choices based on fairness, justice, and respect for others.