AP World History - Ultimate Guide (copy)

Growth of long-distance trade

Growth of long-distance trade

Emerged from the collapse of classical civilizations and interactions between new states, facilitating cultural exchanges and economic development.

Religious Mysticism

Focuses on mystical experiences within religions, such as through prayer and meditation, aiming to bring individuals closer to the divine.

Theravada Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism emphasizing meditation, simplicity, and the renunciation of consciousness and self to achieve nirvana.

Christianity

Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, emphasizing forgiveness, love for others, and salvation through faith in Jesus as the Son of God.

Confucianism

Founded by Confucius, focusing on restoring political and social order through fundamental relationships like ruler-subject and parent-child.

Hinduism

Belief system in India centered around Brahma as the supreme force, with the goal of believers merging with Brahma through following dharma and achieving moksha.

Islam

Emerged in the 7th century, emphasizing submission to Allah through the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the Five Pillars of Islam.

Feudalism

European social hierarchy system during the Middle Ages, with kings, nobles, vassals, and peasants, regulating land ownership and labor.

Emergence of Nation-States

Transition from feudal kingdoms to modern countries, seen in different paths taken by Germany, England, France, Spain, and Russia.

Song Dynasty

Ruled China from 960-1279, influenced by Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, impacting societal structures and gender roles.

Mongol Conquests

The Mongols were ruthless fighters who quickly killed any residents who resisted, leading to the diffusion of culture and hindering Russia's cultural development.

Mali and Songhai Empires

Mali, rich in gold, attracted Islamic traders, while Songhai, under rulers like Mansa Musa and Sonni Ali, expanded and became cultural centers in West Africa.

Chinese Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty focused on merit-based bureaucracy, civil service exams, and industrial advancements, leading to improved literacy and business practices.

Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion

Trade networks like the Hanseatic League, Silk Road, and Indian Ocean trade routes facilitated cultural diffusion, spreading religions, languages, and goods, while the Bubonic Plague also spread through trade.

European Revolutions

The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Catholic Reformation, and Scientific Revolution in Europe led to cultural, religious, and scientific transformations, challenging the authority of the Catholic Church and promoting scientific inquiry.

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Safavid Empire were Islamic empires that utilized gunpowder technology, expanding their territories and influencing art and culture in their regions.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

The Ming Dynasty restored Chinese rule after expelling the Mongols, focusing on exploration and trade, while the Qing Dynasty, though not ethnically Chinese, ruled China until 1911, incorporating Chinese traditions to affirm legitimacy.

Qianlong

Emperor of China from 1735 to 1796, expanded territory to include Vietnam, Burma, Nepal, and was a Confucian scholar.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Established the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan during the Edo period (1600-1868), enforced a rigid social class system, and moved the capital to Edo (modern-day Tokyo).

National Seclusion Policy

Implemented in Japan in 1635, it prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and most foreigners from entering the country, leading to cultural flourishing with Kabuki theatre and haiku poetry.

Maratha

Indian empire that resisted the Mughal Empire from 1680 to 1707, eventually defeating them and establishing their own empire.

Encomienda System

Hierarchical colonial society in the New World established by the Spanish, involving forced labor of Native Americans and African slaves under Spanish officials.

African Slave Trade

Europeans exploited existing slavery systems in Africa, leading to the forced transportation of around 13 million Africans to the New World, with high mortality rates during the Middle Passage.

Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, and technology between Europe, Americas, and Africa, leading to population growth and economic changes.

Commercial Revolution

Age of Exploration characterized by trading, empire building, and conquest, leading to the rise of joint-stock companies, stock markets, and mercantilism.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries questioning government authority, promoting social contracts, and advocating for natural rights, with key philosophers like Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire.

American Revolution

Colonists in America revolted against British rule, leading to the Declaration of Independence and the establishment of American democracy, with support from France in defeating the British.

French Revolution

Overthrow of the French monarchy, establishment of a republic, Reign of Terror, and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, leading to significant political changes in France and Europe.

Domestic System

Most work done on farms, at home, or in small shops before industrial advancements.

Flying Shuttle

Invention that sped up the weaving process.

Spinning Jenny

Device for spinning vast amounts of thread quickly.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney, processed large amounts of cotton rapidly.

Steam Engine

Developed by Thomas Newcomen and James Watt.

Telegraph

Enabled communication over great distances in seconds.

Assembly Line

Each worker handles one small part in production, leading to efficient manufacturing.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

Economic system where success is achieved through private ownership and minimal government regulation.

Marxism

Ideology from "The Communist Manifesto" by Karl Marx advocating for working class control of production and resources.

Labour Unions

Organizations for employees to negotiate better working conditions.

Sepoy Mutiny

Rebellion of Indian soldiers against British disrespect in 1857.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between Britain and China over opium trade in the 19th century.

Berlin Conference

Meeting in 1884 to discuss European land claims in Africa, promoting colonialism.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European intervention in 1823.

Treaty of Versailles

Agreement signed in 1919 to end World War I, imposing harsh penalties on Germany.

Provisional Government

Established by Alexander Kerensky, it was ineffective due to disagreements with the local councils, the soviets, representing workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Bolsheviks

The socialist party led by Marxist leader Vladimir Lenin, who took power in the Soviet Union within six months and issued the April Theses demanding peace, land for peasants, and power to soviets.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

An armistice with Germany in 1918 that ceded part of western Russia to Germany, leading to the creation of the Red Army by the Bolsheviks under Leon Trotsky to defeat counterrevolutions.

Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

Led a successful military against invading Greece and overthrew the Ottoman Empire to become the first president of Turkey.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Instituted by Lenin in the 1920s, allowed farmers to sell portions of grain for profit, but was discarded by Stalin in favor of collectivization and totalitarianism.

Fascism

A political ideology aiming to destroy individual will in favor of the people, promoting extreme nationalism often based on racial identity.

Benito Mussolini

Founded the first fascist state in Italy in 1919, using Blackshirts to fight socialist and communist organizations and eventually becoming Prime Minister.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the National Socialist Party (Nazis) in Germany, who rose to power in the 1920s, believed in extreme nationalism and the superiority of the Aryan race.

Berlin Wall

Built by the Soviets to split Berlin in half, it became a symbol of the East-West divide during the Cold War.

Cuban Revolution

Led by Fidel Castro in 1959, it overthrew the Batista Dictatorship in Cuba, establishing a communist dictatorship and leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Came to power in 1986, urged restructuring of Soviet economy, implemented elements of private ownership, and signed nuclear arms treaties with the US

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Occurred in 1991 after Poland and other former Soviet nations separated, leading to the disintegration of the USSR

Balkan Ethnic Cleansing

Occurred with Muslims being murdered by Christian Serbians, leading to UN troop involvement

Boris Yeltsin

First president of Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, faced challenges of reforming the country

Vladimir Putin

Former KGB agent who succeeded Yeltsin, serving as both President and Prime Minister, causing unrest in relations with other nations

Indian National Congress

Established in 1885 to increase rights of Indians under colonial rule, mostly Hindu in composition

Amritsar Massacre

Occurred in 1919 when British forces killed 319 Indians during a peaceful protest, fueling resistance

Mohandas Gandhi

Prominent figure in Indian resistance, advocated passive resistance through demonstrations and boycotts

Partition of India

Led to the creation of Pakistan as a separate Muslim nation due to disagreements between Hindu and Muslim groups

African National Congress

Formed in 1912 to oppose European colonialism in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela in the fight against apartheid

Apartheid

Established in South Africa in 1948, enforced racial segregation and discrimination against Black people

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Resulted in the creation of Israel in 1948, leading to ongoing conflicts and negotiations for a Palestinian state

Iranian Revolution

Overthrew the shah in 1979, establishing a theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini and reversing human rights advancements

OPEC

Formed by oil-exporting nations in the Middle East to control oil prices and production, leading to economic modernization

Persian Gulf War

Fought in 1990-1991 after Iraq invaded Kuwait, resulting in the liberation of Kuwait and limitations on Iraq's activities