HPEZ 375 Midterm Study Material on Exercise Physiology and Circulatory System Functions

The two major measurement systems throughout the world

Metric and Imperial

The United States is the only industrialized country in the world that currently uses the __.

Imperial system

Kilo-

10^3

Hecto-

10^2

Deka-

10^1

Deci-

10^-1

Centi-

10^-2

Milli-

10^-3

Decimilli-

10^-4

Centimilli-

10^-5

Micro-

10^-6

Nano-

10^-9

Pico-

10^-12

What is the conversion for pounds to kilograms?

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

What is the conversion for inches to centimeters?

1 inch = 2.54 cm

Which metabolic pathways are used predominantly to supply ATP during short, moderate, and high-duration exercise, and which pathway is predominant at low and high intensity?

Anaerobic Glycolysis system is predominantly used for high-intensity activities lasting approximately 1 minute. ATP-PC (phosphagen system) and glycolysis.

The aerobic system is predominantly used during medium to low intensity activity. Krebs and etc (mitochondrial respiration)

For exercise lasting longer than three minutes (high duration), the oxidative pathway is used.

The second pathway, the glycolytic pathway, is the primary energy system used for exercise lasting from 15 seconds to three minutes (low duration).

How does muscle mass influence anaerobic power?

An increased contracting muscle mass will increase anaerobic capacity through increased availability of PCr and increased lactate production.

Wingate test (Protocol and calculations - refer to handout)

- Cycling power test to determine power and therefore, anaerobic capacity

- Duration = 30 seconds

- Resistance = (i.e. amount of weight a subject will work against) - 7% males or 5.5% females of body mass (kg)

- Intensity = maximal

- During the this test 60%-85% of energy supply comes from ATP-PC and glycolytic systems

Peak power example

50kg female subject completes a Wingate test with revolutions per 5-second interval (starting with 0-5s) as follows: 15, 13, 11, 10,9, 6. Calculate her peak anaerobic power.

1. Calculate force = 2.752.

2. Calculate work = 247.5 kgm3.

3. Calculate power = 2970 kgm/min

4. Answer = 485.3W

What is EPOC/Oxygen debt?

Excessive Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

the amount of oxygen required to restore your body to its normal, resting level of metabolic function (called homeostasis).

Difference between high and low-intensity exercise on EPOC

The EPOC effect clearly increases with the intensity of the exercise, and (at least in the case of aerobic exercise, perhaps also for anaerobic) the duration of the exercise.

Difference between trained and untrained exercise-response and EPOC

If matched relative to fitness level, the trained individual would be working at a higher intensity than the untrained individual. Several studies have reported a more rapid fall in EPOC (Short and Sedlock, 1997) and a shorter duration of EPOC in trained subjects (Frey et al., 1993).

You should commit the three physiological factors responsible for V̇O2 max to memory and understand what part of the body is "taking in, transporting, and utilizing" O2

1. ability of respiratory system to take efficiently perform gas exchange (take in)

2. ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to muscles (transport)

3. ability of muscles to use oxygen and produce ATP aerobically (use)

Understand slide 12 and how exercise is possible at higher intensities than the intensity that V̇O2max occurs at

Oxygen consumption plateaus (~3.2 L/min)even though work rate continues to increase(from 250 to 300 watts)

Slide 17, at what relative exercise intensity does lactate threshold typically occur and how can training affect lactate threshold?

40-45% of VO2 Max

What is Respiratory Exchange Ratio and what is it measuring?

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is the ratio between the volume of CO2 being produced by the body and the amount of O2 being consumed. This value of this ratio gives us an indication as to whether the body is operating aerobically or anaerobically.

How and why do substrates (carbohydrates, fats) used for exercise change depending on exercise intensity and/or duration?

The longer the time spent exercising, the higher the contribution of fat as an energy substrate. During low-intensity exercise lasting longer than 2 hours, the substrate utilization is not significantly altered as compared to those utilized during shorter bouts of exercise.

The circulatory system. Its function and purpose.

The circulatory system is a closed loop.

The circulatory system has 3 majorfunctions:1) Blood Pressure Regulation2) Delivery (oxygen and other nutrients)Removal (metabolic waste products)3) Thermoregulation

Movement of blood throughout the circulatory system

The path of blood flow through the heart takes the following route: blood flows from the vena cava to the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery, then onward to the lungs, the pulmonary veins, the left atrium, the mitral valve, the left ventricle, the aortic valve, the aorta, and finally to the tissues of the body.

Calculations and terms (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, etc.) for circulatory system

Mean Arterial Pressure = 1/3 (PP) + DBP or (SBP + DBP + DBP)/3

Pulse Pressure = SBP-DBP

Cardiac Output (Q) = HR x SV

Stroke Volume = EDV - ESV

Blood pressure assessment protocol

a. Korotkoff sounds b. Both rest and exercise

Heart rate assessment protocol - refer to powerpoint and handout

a. Both rest and exercise

d. Proper Blood Pressure Measurement

Locate a pulse, by palpating the medial side of the antecubital fossa of the measurement arm (usually the left arm).

Once the pulse is found, place the cuff around the bicep 1 in. above the antecubital fossa.

Line up the guide arrow on the cuff with the brachial artery.

Place the head of the stethoscope on the brachial artery and inflate the cuff until no Korotkoff sounds can be heard

True

Watch this video from the ACSM...it contains the answer to a test question

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYhQ9Qv0S94

**Stroke volume is the amount of blood that is ejected from the heart during a single beat (ml/beat)

True

Stroke Volume is regulated by:

1. End-diastolic volume (EDV); preload 2. Afterload (aortic pressure, MAP) 3. Contractility (force of heart beat)

How to calculate cardiac output (Q):

A subject exercises at an intensity that elicits a heart rate of 170 bpm. Their stroke volume is 125mL/beat. What is their Q?

Q = HR x SV

Q = 170bpm x 125mL/beat = 21,250mL/min

21,250mL/min = 21.5L/min

The circulatory system has 3 major functions. Memorize them and understand how their importance and physiology:

(1) Blood Pressure Regulation (2) Delivery (oxygen and other nutrients) Removal (metabolic waste products) (3) Thermoregulation

Know the YMCA protocol - refer to handout and powerpoint

- Test length: Up to four stages, 3 minutes per stages

- 2-3 minute warm-up at 50 rpm (optional)

Prior to exercise testing

- Set up bike: 5-15 degrees of knee flexion

at maximal leg extension

- Upright posture (adjust handle bars)

- Explain RPE chart

- Explain where to find the RPMS

- Find the subject's 85% APMHR

Know how to convert absolute V̇O2max in L/min to relative V̇O2max (VO2peak are interchangeable terms in this case). First, convert L to mL and then divide by body weight in kg.

1 liter = 1,000 mL

Powerpoint slides you should definitely know/understand for Submaximal Exercise Testing: 3 (memorize these 4 assumptions), 4, 7, 8 (test termination criteria in bottom left corner).

Took pics