Parasitology Exam 1 Quizlet Copy

What is the definition of parasitism

a type of symbiotic relationship, or long-term relationship between 2 species, where one member, the parasite gains benefits that come at the expense of the host member

What is the definition of mutualism

form of symbiosis in which both species benefit

What is the definition of allopatric speciation

occurs when members of a population become geographically isolated from one another, to the extent that genetic exchange, through mating, is prevented or interfered with

What is the definition of parapatric speciation

an extremely rare case of speciation that occurs when a population is continuously distributed within a geographic area without any specific barriers to gene flow. individuals mate more commonly with their closest geographic neighbors, resulting in uneven gene flow

What is the definition of sympatric speciation

the evolutionary process whereby species are formed from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic area. (Birds evolve different beaks for different diets in the area)

What is the definition of peripatric speciation

a form of allopatric speciation that occurs when populations that have become isolated have very few individuals. Through this process, the population goes through a genetic bottleneck

What are endoparasites

parasites within the bodies of the hosts and they produce infection

What are ectoparasites

those that live on the external surface of a host or in the skin and they cause infestations

What are the 3 different kinds of parasites

obligate parasites, faculative parasites, and host-specific parasites

What are the 3 different kinds of hosts

definitive host, intermediate host, and paratenic host

What is the prepatent period

The period of time between the time of exposure to an infectious agent and the time when the agent can be found in the blood or stool

Term for the host in which the parasite may cycle other than the host of interest

reservoir host

What is speciation

something done by a creature as it evolve from one species type to another

which mosquitos suck blood

female moquitos

Where does the plague still exist

primarily out west and is found in people, dogs, and cats

What does the sandfly spread

leishmaniasis

What does flea feces consist of

digested blood

What are characteristics of an apicomplexa parasite

parasite of cells, capable of gliding mobility, have a apical complex, have some life stages, do not have cilia, and can undergo sexual conjugation

Cutaneous leishmaniasis occurs with what species

usually occurs in dogs, cats, horses, and people and presents as nodular lesions

What organs does visceral leishmaniasis affect

liver, spleen, and bone marrow

What are the demodicidae symptoms

alopecia but no pruritus (itching)

How do blowflies transmit their eggs

"blowing" their eggs onto living and dead meat

How many legs does the class Insecta have

6 legs

what are orders (types of bugs) in the class Insecta

flies, fleas, bed bugs, and lice

Where do mosquitos lay their eggs

on water

How does the female mosquito mature its ovaries

the protein from the blood

Where do blackflies breed

in running water

What is a reaction often caused by blackflies

hypersensitivity reactions to the bite which can result in fatal reactions

What do male and female mosquito feed on

males feed on nectar while females feed on blood

Characteristics of third/later stages of horseflies (eating)

carnivorous or sacrophagic (to eat dead things)

Because Faceflies do not pursue their victims indoor, what is a treatment option

stable livestock during the hours of peak fly activity

When do houseflies (first stage) hatch

the first stage (maggots) will hatch in a day or less

How long does it take for the adult fly to emege

2-3 weeks

Control of flies is done with what and it can possibly inhibit what

insecticides which may contain a chitin inhibitor

Tsetse flies are located in what continent

Africa

What is one method of fly control (eradication)

releasing sterile males

How do you control Keds

dips or sprays after sheering

What are characteristics of the larval stage botflies

host-specific and site-specific

Where do first-stage botfly larvae migrate to

migrate through the body of their host before settling subcutaneously

Gasterophilus affects the GI tract of which species

horses

Gasterophilus intestinalis third stage larva is found

in the stomach

Oestrus ovis affects what species

sheep nasal bot fly

Can cutebra migrate to the brain

yes they migrate through the brain

What affects the duration of the flea pupae stage

they wait for the right stimuli to change therefore they can stay at this stage for a long period of times (roughly 10 days to a year)

What factors affect the development of the flea life cycle

temperature and humidity

How many female fleas does it take to remove 1 mL of blood per day

75 female fleas

How long can adult fleas survive without feeding

2 months

What is feline panleukopenia's relationship to fleas

it can be transmitted by fleas such as C. felis

What is the intermediate host of the plague and typhus

rats

Are all ticks bloodsucking

yes they are all bloodsucking

What are the 2 major families of ticks

soft ticks and hard ticks

Where do soft ticks live

live in nests or burrows where they feed quickly on unsuspecting hosts

Where do hard ticks live

spend most of their lives in fields of scrub areas, where they await passing hosts

Does the scrutum change size while the female is ungulfing blood

no the size of the scrutum remains constant during engorgement of a female therefore it covers a progressively smaller portion of her dorsum

How do ticks attach themselves

by secreting cement where the mouthparts are attached

What is the definition of interstadially

transmitted through different life stages

What part of the body is tick paralysis most likely found on

head

What does the scutum/shield of the hard tick do

covers the entire dorsal surface of the female tick

What is transovarial transmission

female ticks can pass diseases to their larvae through infection of their ovaries

What is the proper removal of a tick

removing the mouthpart of the tick as the embedded mouthpart can be left in

the skin of the host acting as a foreign body

Ixodes tick transmits which diseases

Lyme disease and Anaplasmosis

What disease is a mouse the reservoir host for

lyme disease

What are unique characteristic of Lone Star Ticks (amblyomma americanum )

can cause a red meat allergy and tick paralysis

What is Alpha Gal

red meat sugar that humans become allergic to from a lone star tick

What is unique about longhorned tick female reproduction

it doesn't require a male as they essentially "clone" themselves

Which species does Pneumonyssoides affect

nasal and paranasal sinuses of dogs

Sternostoma affects what body part

bloodsucking mite of the respiratory passage

Sarcpotes scabiei affects what species

mange or scabies of humans, dogs, horses, foxes, etc

What specificity are sarcoptes

high host-specificity

Sarcoptes diagnosis ability

hard to diagnose as it can only be found about 10% of the time on a skin scrape; it is common to diagnose using the pinnal-pedal reflex

What is the guinea pig mite

Trixacurus Caviae which can lead to seizures due to severe scratching

What does Knemidokoptes cause

causes scaly leg in chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and other birds

What is an economic problem related to knemidokoptes

legs become thickened and deformed which causes a huge economic loss in international markets

What is Psorptes cuniculi

mite that causes ear cankers in rabbits

What is Otodectes cynotis

ear mite in dogs that can cause intense irritation

Characteristics of demodex mites in dogs

normally present in small numbers in the skin. These mites are acquired from the dam during the nursing period

What is the walking dandruff mite called

cheyletiella

why is cheyletiella called "walking dandruff"

they can survive longer off the host than other mange mites and may remain a source of reinfestation after treatment

What are the 2 kinds of lice

chewing lice and blood-sucking

Are lice host-specific

yes

Are lice vectors of disease

yes

Unique characteristic of bird lice

all bird lice are chewing lice

Characteristics of a trypanosome

an elongated, spindle-shaped

cell with a single nucleus. It has a flagella that is responsible for movement

The majority of trypanosomes require an

arthoropod vector

What species are affected by Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes

Cause fatal nagana disease in domestic ruminants but mild disease in wild ruminants. The wild ruminants serve as a reservoir

T. Cruzi is the etiological agent of

American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)

What bug transmits Chagas disease

kissing bug

How is T. Cruzi transmitted

transfusion

Where do trypanosomes multiply and undergo metamorphosis

in the bug's hindgut and are eventually passed in the feces of the bug

How does Trypanosomes enter the body

going through the oral, nasal, and conjunctival mucosae or by the host's rubbing of infectious bug feces into abrasions or the bug's bite wound in the skin

What are the modes of transmission for T.cruzi

the placenta or by blood

transfusion, and accidental self-injection of contaminated blood

What are some chronic clinical signs of Chagas disease in dogs

Congestive heart failure and megaesophagus

How do you prevent T. Cruzi

limiting access to kissing bugs by sealing kennels and keeping dogs inside as well as limiting predation of infected reservoir hosts. In the US most human

infections are associated with blood transfusions or travel to endemic areas.

What is the reservoir host of Leishmania

dogs

Giardia infection occurs through

ingestion of cysts from

fecal-contaminated water,

food, or fomites, or through self grooming

What is the function of trophozoites

adapted for attachment to the mucosa of intestinal epithelial cells and they form a sucking disc

Where are trophozoites found

small intestine

What is usually found in the feces of an

infected host

The mature cyst containing two potential trophozoites

Can trophozoites survive in water

no they will lyse if deposited into fresh water owing to their inability to osmoregulate

Which form of Giardia can survive outside the host

the cysts