useful podcast from test atölyesi reading 2

Design [Noun - C/U]

Türkçe: Tasarım / Plan / Dizayn | Adj: architectural, experimental, innovative | Verb: create, alter, implement | Coll: innovative design | Syn: Blueprint, Layout | Ant: - | Ex: The architectural team developed an innovative design to maximize energy efficiency in the complex.

Range [Verb]

Türkçe: Çeşitlilik göstermek / Aralıkta değişmek | Adv: widely, typically, broadly | Noun: estimates, temperatures, prices | Phrasal/Prep: range from ... to ... | Coll: range widely from | Syn: Vary, Extend | Ant: Conform, Stagnate | Ex: Annual tuition fees range widely from modest state rates to expensive private allocations.

Marine parks [Noun Phrase - Plural C]

Türkçe: Deniz koruma parkları / Deniz rezervleri | Adj: national, protected, coastal | Verb: establish, manage, patrol | Coll: establish marine parks | Syn: Marine protected areas, Ocean reserves | Ant: Commercial fishing zones | Ex: Governments establish marine parks to protect endangered coral reef ecosystems from trawling.

Well-known [Adj]

Türkçe: İyi bilinen / Tanınmış / Meşhur | Adv: widely, internationally, exceptionally | Noun/Prep: well-known scholar, well-known phenomenon | Coll: widely well-known | Syn: Renowned, Celebrated | Ant: Obscure, Unfamiliar | Ex: The professor is a widely well-known authority on modern macroeconomics and fiscal policy.

Lesser-known [Adj]

Türkçe: Daha az bilinen / Pek tanınmayan | Adv: relatively, somewhat | Noun/Prep: lesser-known facts, lesser-known species | Coll: relatively lesser-known | Syn: Obscure, Unheralded | Ant: Prominent, Renowned | Ex: The field expedition uncovered several relatively lesser-known species inhabiting deep underwater trenches.

Legislation [Noun - U]

Türkçe: Mevzuat / Yasalar / Kanun yapma | Adj: environmental, strict, federal | Verb: enact, pass, repeal | Coll: enact strict legislation | Syn: Statutes, Laws | Ant: Deregulation | Ex: Parliament voted to enact strict legislation curbing industrial effluent discharge into public rivers.

Intent [Noun - U/C]

Türkçe: Niyet / Maksat / Amaç | Adj: clear, malicious, deliberate | Verb: demonstrate, declare, harbor | Coll: clear intent | Syn: Purpose, Objective | Ant: Accident, Inadvertence | Ex: The defendant showed a clear intent to manipulate corporate balance sheets for private gain.

Aim [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Amaç / Hedef | Adj: primary, long-term, overarching | Verb: achieve, pursue, outline | Coll: primary aim | Syn: Target, Objective | Ant: - | Ex: The primary aim of the preparatory English program is to develop rigorous academic writing literacy.

Goal [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Hedef / Gaye / Amaç | Adj: ambitious, achievable, ultimate | Verb: attain, set, pursue | Coll: achieve an ambitious goal | Syn: Objective, Ambition | Ant: - | Ex: Setting realistic timelines helps graduate students achieve an ambitious goal without burnout.

Purpose [Noun - C/U]

Türkçe: Amaç / Gaye / Maksat | Adj: sole, specific, intended | Verb: serve, clarify, fulfill | Coll: serve a specific purpose | Syn: Function, Intent | Ant: Aimlessness | Ex: The newly allocated grant funds will serve a specific purpose in expanding laboratory testing facilities.

Provide [Verb]

Türkçe: Sağlamak / Temin etmek / Sunmak | Adv: generously, adequately, immediately | Noun: resources, evidence, assistance | Phrasal/Prep: provide for, provide with | Coll: provide empirical evidence | Syn: Furnish, Supply | Ant: Withhold, Deprive | Ex: Scholars must provide empirical evidence to substantiate controversial theoretical claims in essays.

Supply [Verb]

Türkçe: Tedarik etmek / Sağlamak / Beslemek | Adv: continuously, reliably, domestically | Noun: goods, demand, market | Phrasal/Prep: supply with, supply to | Coll: continuously supply | Syn: Furnish, Provision | Ant: Exhaust, Deplete | Ex: Regional agricultural cooperatives continuously supply urban grocery networks with fresh produce.

Coastal habitats [Noun Phrase - Plural C]

Türkçe: Kıyı habitatları / Kıyı yaşam alanları | Adj: fragile, pristine, degraded | Verb: restore, protect, destroy | Coll: protect fragile coastal habitats | Syn: Shoreline ecosystems | Ant: Offshore waters, Deep sea | Ex: Conservation groups campaign tirelessly to protect fragile coastal habitats from commercial port expansions.

Designate [Verb]

Türkçe: Belirlemek / Tahsis etmek / Atamak | Adv: officially, formally, legally | Noun: areas, zones, representatives | Phrasal/Prep: designate as, designate for | Coll: officially designate | Syn: Allocate, Nominate | Ant: Deny, Revoke | Ex: The environmental ministry moved to officially designate the pristine wetland as a national nature reserve.

Sanctuary [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Sığınak / Koruma alanı / Barınak | Adj: wildlife, sacred, safe | Verb: establish, provide, enter | Coll: wildlife sanctuary | Syn: Haven, Refuge | Ant: Danger zone, Hunting ground | Ex: The remote forest was declared a wildlife sanctuary to protect endangered migratory birds from poachers.

Permit [Verb]

Türkçe: İzin vermek / Ruhsat vermek / İmkân tanımak | Adv: legally, officially, explicitly | Noun: access, entry, activities | Phrasal/Prep: permit to | Coll: officially permit access | Syn: Authorize, Allow | Ant: Prohibit, Forbid | Ex: Maritime safety regulations do not permit unauthorized vessels to enter restricted commercial shipping lanes.

Allow [Verb]

Türkçe: İzin vermek / Olanak sağlamak | Adv: generously, conditionally, strictly | Noun: flexibility, access, time | Phrasal/Prep: allow for | Coll: allow for flexibility | Syn: Permit, Enable | Ant: Disallow, Restrict | Ex: The revised academic timetable was designed to allow for greater flexibility during mid-term preparation.

Let [Verb]

Türkçe: İzin vermek / Bırakmak / İznini vermek | Adv: simply, freely | Noun: steam, guard | Phrasal/Prep: let go, let down | Coll: let down one's guard | Syn: Permit, Authorize | Ant: Restrain, Inhibit | Ex: Experienced trial negotiators never let down their guard during high-stakes corporate settlement talks.

Observe [Verb]

Türkçe: Gözlemlemek / İncelemek / Riayet etmek | Adv: carefully, methodically, closely | Noun: behavior, phenomena, rules | Phrasal/Prep: observe in | Coll: closely observe behavior | Syn: Scrutinize, Monitor | Ant: Ignore, Overlook | Ex: Clinical psychologists closely observe patient behavioral responses under controlled laboratory stress conditions.

Monitor [Verb]

Türkçe: İzlemek / Takip etmek / Denetlemek | Adv: continuously, rigorously, closely | Noun: progress, levels, emissions | Phrasal/Prep: monitor for | Coll: continuously monitor | Syn: Supervise, Track | Ant: Neglect, Disregard | Ex: Public environmental health officers continuously monitor industrial air emissions across urban manufacturing sectors.

Screen [Verb]

Türkçe: Taramak / Elemek / İncelemek | Adv: systematically, thoroughly, routinely | Noun: applicants, patients, compounds | Phrasal/Prep: screen for, screen out | Coll: screen thoroughly for | Syn: Filter, Sift | Ant: Approve blindly | Ex: Medical clinics routinely screen patients for early biochemical indicators of hereditary cardiovascular disease.

Remove [Verb]

Türkçe: Çıkarmak / Kaldırmak / Ortadan kaldırmak | Adv: completely, permanently, surgically | Noun: debris, barriers, pollutants | Phrasal/Prep: remove from | Coll: remove trade barriers | Syn: Eliminate, Extract | Ant: Insert, Install | Ex: The bilateral agreement sought to remove unnecessary trade barriers between neighboring economic partners.

Administer [Verb]

Türkçe: Yönetmek / İdare etmek / İlaç vermek | Adv: efficiently, expertly, properly | Noun: tests, medicine, institutions | Phrasal/Prep: administer to | Coll: efficiently administer | Syn: Manage, Direct | Ant: Mismanage, Neglect | Ex: Public hospital staff are trained to efficiently administer life-saving medications during acute clinical emergencies.

Manage [Verb]

Türkçe: Yönetmek / İdare etmek / Başa çıkmak | Adv: successfully, deftly, effectively | Noun: resources, crisis, time | Phrasal/Prep: manage with | Coll: successfully manage a crisis | Syn: Oversee, Handle | Ant: Botch, Fail | Ex: The experienced executive board was able to successfully manage the financial crisis without staff layoffs.

Initially [Adv]

Türkçe: İlk olarak / Başlangıçta | Verb: propose, believe, hesitate | Collocations: initially proposed, initially reluctant | Syn: At first, Originally | Ant: Finally, Eventually | Ex: The university board was initially reluctant to approve the new digital examination framework.

Firstly [Adv]

Türkçe: İlk olarak / İlk sırada | Verb: consider, examine, address | Collocations: firstly analyze, examine firstly | Syn: In the first place, Primarily | Ant: Lastly, Finally | Ex: When conducting a macroeconomic literature review, researchers must firstly analyze established foundational doctrines.

Propose [Verb]

Türkçe: Teklif etmek / Önermek / İleri sürmek | Adv: formally, tentatively, boldly | Noun: reforms, theories, solutions | Phrasal/Prep: propose to | Coll: formally propose a solution | Syn: Suggest, Advance | Ant: Reject, Withdraw | Ex: The economic committee met to formally propose sustainable fiscal solutions for municipal debt reduction.

Offer [Verb]

Türkçe: Sunmak / Teklif etmek / Sağlamak | Adv: generously, tentatively, officially | Noun: compensation, assistance, insights | Phrasal/Prep: offer to, offer for | Coll: offer valuable insights | Syn: Provide, Extend | Ant: Withhold, Refuse | Ex: The guest lecturer’s research findings offer valuable insights into long-term behavioral psychology patterns.

Range from A to B [Verb Phrase]

Türkçe: A'dan B'ye kadar uzanmak / Değişmek | Adv: widely, dramatically | Noun: options, opinions, prices | Phrasal/Prep: range from ... to ... | Coll: range from simple to complex | Syn: Vary between, Span | Ant: Remain uniform | Ex: The required academic exam tasks range from simple reading comprehension to advanced argumentative writing.

Extend [Verb]

Türkçe: Genişletmek / Uzatmak / Uzamak | Adv: significantly, gradually, indefinitely | Noun: deadline, reach, territory | Phrasal/Prep: extend to, extend into | Coll: extend the deadline | Syn: Expand, Prolong | Ant: Shorten, Contract | Ex: The faculty board agreed to extend the submission deadline for final master’s research theses.

Cover [Verb]

Türkçe: Kapsamak / Örtmek / Ele almak | Adv: comprehensively, adequately, fully | Noun: costs, topics, area | Phrasal/Prep: cover with | Coll: comprehensively cover | Syn: Encompass, Include | Ant: Omit, Exclude | Ex: The preparatory course syllabus is organized to comprehensively cover academic writing, reading, and speaking skills.

Encompass [Verb]

Türkçe: Kapsamak / Çevrelemek / İçermek | Adv: fully, broadly, comprehensively | Noun: fields, aspects, traditions | Phrasal/Prep: encompass within | Coll: broadly encompass | Syn: Include, Incorporate | Ant: Exclude, Omit | Ex: Modern behavioral economics broadly encompasses psychological, cognitive, and cultural dimensions of decision-making.

Range [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Aralık / Yelpaze / Menzil | Adj: wide, broad, diverse | Verb: display, encompass, provide | Coll: a wide range of options | Syn: Spectrum, Variety | Ant: Limitation | Ex: The university library gives enrolled students access to a wide range of digital academic journals.

Degradation [Noun - U]

Türkçe: Bozulma / Yozlaşma / Tahribat | Adj: environmental, gradual, severe | Verb: prevent, halt, cause | Coll: severe environmental degradation | Syn: Deterioration, Decline | Ant: Restoration, Improvement | Ex: Unregulated coastal development causes severe environmental degradation to delicate surrounding marine ecosystems.

Overexploitation [Noun - U]

Türkçe: Aşırı kullanım / Sömürü / Aşırı tüketim | Adj: commercial, unsustainable, resource | Verb: halt, prevent, suffer from | Coll: unsustainable overexploitation | Syn: Depletion, Overuse | Ant: Conservation, Preservation | Ex: The unsustainable overexploitation of natural fisheries has led to a catastrophic decline in ocean biomass.

Reasonable [Adj]

Türkçe: Mantıklı / Makul / Akla yatkın | Adv: perfectly, highly, entirely | Noun/Prep: reasonable assumption, reasonable price | Coll: perfectly reasonable assumption | Syn: Rational, Sensible | Ant: Unreasonable, Absurd | Ex: Making the assumption that markets respond to interest rate shifts is a perfectly reasonable deduction.

Rational [Adj]

Türkçe: Rasyonel / Mantıklı / Akılcı | Adv: purely, highly, thoroughly | Noun/Prep: rational choice, rational behavior | Coll: rational decision-making | Syn: Logical, Sensible | Ant: Irrational, Emotional | Ex: Classical economics assumes that consumers engage in purely rational decision-making when allocating personal capital.

Logical [Adj]

Türkçe: Mantıklı / Tutarlı | Adv: entirely, strictly, highly | Noun/Prep: logical conclusion, logical progression | Coll: reach a logical conclusion | Syn: Coherent, Valid | Ant: Illogical, Incoherent | Ex: After reviewing all conflicting experimental datasets, the research team was able to reach a logical conclusion.

Maintain [Verb]

Türkçe: Sürdürmek / Korumak / İddia etmek | Adv: strictly, consistently, stubbornly | Noun: standards, order, position | Phrasal/Prep: maintain that | Coll: maintain high academic standards | Syn: Sustain, Preserve | Ant: Abandon, Discontinue | Ex: The university preparatory school works hard to maintain high academic standards in language instruction.

Sustain [Verb]

Türkçe: Sürdürmek / Ayakta tutmak / Yaşatmak | Adv: successfully, continuously, financially | Noun: growth, life, losses | Phrasal/Prep: sustain through | Coll: sustain economic growth | Syn: Maintain, Prolong | Ant: Undermine, Halt | Ex: Targeted industrial investments are necessary to sustain long-term economic growth amid inflationary global pressures.

Exist [Verb]

Türkçe: Var olmak / Mevcut olmak | Adv: peacefully, naturally, solely | Noun: tensions, life, conditions | Phrasal/Prep: exist in, exist among | Coll: continue to exist | Syn: Prevail, Subsist | Ant: Perish, Cease | Ex: Deep socioeconomic disparities continue to exist between urban metropolises and underdeveloped rural hinterlands.

Periphery [Noun - C/U]

Türkçe: Çevre / Dış kenar / Periferi | Adj: outer, urban, economic | Verb: expand to, inhabit, examine | Coll: on the outer periphery | Syn: Margin, Boundary | Ant: Core, Center | Ex: Industrial warehouses and logistic centers are predominantly built on the outer periphery of the metropolis.

Environment [Noun - C/U]

Türkçe: Çevre / Ortam | Adj: natural, competitive, hostile | Verb: protect, pollute, adapt to | Coll: natural environment | Syn: Surroundings, Ecosystem | Ant: - | Ex: Strict legislative frameworks are needed to protect the natural environment from toxic chemical dumping.

Surrounding [Adj]

Türkçe: Çevreleyen / Civardaki / Etraftaki | Adv: directly, immediately | Noun/Prep: surrounding area, surrounding countryside | Coll: immediate surrounding area | Syn: Encompassing, Neighboring | Ant: Distant, Remote | Ex: Runoff from agricultural fertilizers inflicted extensive ecological damage on the immediate surrounding area.

Place pressure [Verb Phrase]

Türkçe: Baskı uygulamak / Baskı kurmak | Adv: continually, heavily, directly | Noun: government, institutions, resources | Phrasal/Prep: place pressure on | Coll: place heavy pressure on | Syn: Strain, Burden | Ant: Relieve, Alleviate | Ex: Rapid urban population growth continues to place heavy pressure on existing municipal public transportation infrastructure.

Fragile [Adj]

Türkçe: Kırılgan / Hassas / Narin | Adv: exceptionally, extremely, inherently | Noun/Prep: fragile ecosystem, fragile peace | Coll: fragile ecosystem | Syn: Vulnerable, Delicate | Ant: Robust, Resilient | Ex: Desert tundra is an exceptionally fragile ecosystem that requires decades to recover from human disturbance.

Sensitive [Adj]

Türkçe: Hassas / Duyarlı | Adv: highly, acutely, politically | Noun/Prep: sensitive data, sensitive issue | Coll: highly sensitive issue | Syn: Susceptible, Delicate | Ant: Insensitive, Callous | Ex: Allocating international river water rights remains a highly sensitive issue among neighboring sovereign nations.

Delicate [Adj]

Türkçe: Narin / Hassas / İnce | Adv: extremely, inherently, highly | Noun/Prep: delicate balance, delicate operation | Coll: delicate ecological balance | Syn: Fragile, Intricate | Ant: Sturdy, Coarse | Ex: Climate disruptions threaten to upend the delicate ecological balance maintained across coastal mangrove wetlands.

Come to do [Verb Phrase]

Türkçe: Yapar hale gelmek / Zamanla ... yapmak | Adv: gradually, eventually | Noun: realization, acceptance | Phrasal/Prep: come to + verb | Coll: gradually come to accept | Syn: Grow to do, Evolve to | Ant: Refuse to | Ex: Through sustained exposure, foreign language learners gradually come to understand complex native idioms.

Come to recognize [Verb Phrase]

Türkçe: Farkına varmak / Zamanla kabul etmek | Adv: gradually, universally, formally | Noun: importance, errors, reality | Phrasal/Prep: come to recognize that | Coll: come to recognize the importance of | Syn: Realize, Acknowledge | Ant: Overlook, Deny | Ex: Economists have come to recognize the importance of behavioral psychology in financial decision-making processes.

Conserve [Verb]

Türkçe: Korumak / İktisatlı kullanmak / Muhafaza etmek | Adv: strictly, actively, sustainably | Noun: resources, energy, habitats | Phrasal/Prep: conserve for | Coll: conserve scarce water resources | Syn: Preserve, Protect | Ant: Squander, Deplete | Ex: Arid agricultural regions must employ modernized drip irrigation techniques to conserve scarce water resources.

Preserve [Verb]

Türkçe: Korumak / Muhafaza etmek / Saklamak | Adv: impeccably, carefully, sustainably | Noun: heritage, peace, equilibrium | Phrasal/Prep: preserve for | Coll: preserve cultural heritage | Syn: Maintain, Safeguard | Ant: Destroy, Spoil | Ex: International treaties mandate member states to carefully preserve designated cultural heritage historical landmarks.

Protect [Verb]

Türkçe: Korumak / Savunmak / Himaye etmek | Adv: fiercely, adequately, legally | Noun: rights, citizens, species | Phrasal/Prep: protect from, protect against | Coll: protect endangered species | Syn: Safeguard, Defend | Ant: Endanger, Expose | Ex: The designated national park was established to protect endangered species from habitat fragmentation and illegal poaching.

Save [Verb]

Türkçe: Kurtarmak / Biriktirmek / Tasarruf etmek | Adv: desperately, successfully, financially | Noun: lives, money, energy | Phrasal/Prep: save from | Coll: save valuable energy | Syn: Rescue, Conserve | Ant: Waste, Squander | Ex: Transitioning public buildings to smart solar infrastructure helps municipalities save valuable energy and tax funds.

Biodiversity [Noun - U]

Türkçe: Biyolojik çeşitlilik / Biyoçeşitlilik | Adj: rich, marine, terrestrial | Verb: conserve, threaten, lose | Coll: rich marine biodiversity | Syn: Ecological variety, Biological diversity | Ant: Monoculture | Ex: Tropical coral reefs support a rich marine biodiversity that remains crucial for whole ocean food chains.

Carry over [Verb Phrase]

Türkçe: Devretmek / Aktarmak / Bir sonraki döneme sarkmak | Adv: smoothly, directly, seamlessly | Noun: balance, skills, effects | Phrasal/Prep: carry over into, carry over from | Coll: carry over into practice | Syn: Transfer, Relocate | Ant: Terminate, Halt | Ex: Foundational language habits acquired in preparatory school carry over into academic essay writing.

Transfer [Verb]

Türkçe: Aktarmak / Transfer etmek / Nakletmek | Adv: smoothly, electronically, systematically | Noun: funds, ownership, technology | Phrasal/Prep: transfer to, transfer from | Coll: transfer technology | Syn: Relocate, Transmit | Ant: Retain, Hold | Ex: The bilateral agreement enables member states to smoothly transfer technology to developing economies.

Transport [Verb]

Türkçe: Taşımak / Nakletmek | Adv: safely, bulk-, internationally | Noun: freight, goods, passengers | Phrasal/Prep: transport by, transport to | Coll: transport freight safely | Syn: Convey, Haul | Ant: Retain, Settle | Ex: Specialized freight vessels are commissioned to transport manufactured goods across oceanic trade routes.

Elegance [Noun - U]

Türkçe: Zarafet / Şıklık / İncelik | Adj: architectural, understated, timeless | Verb: display, admire, lack | Coll: timeless elegance | Syn: Grace, Refinement | Ant: Clumsiness, Crudeness | Ex: Classical monumental architecture displays a timeless elegance that modern concrete structures often lack.

Style [Noun - C/U]

Türkçe: Tarz / Stil / Biçim | Adj: distinctive, architectural, literary | Verb: adopt, develop, define | Coll: distinctive architectural style | Syn: Manner, Mode | Ant: Uniformity | Ex: The ancient coastal capital is famous worldwide for its distinctive architectural style of stonework.

Leave [Verb]

Türkçe: Ayrılmak / Terk etmek / Geride bırakmak | Adv: abruptly, permanently, voluntarily | Noun: impression, legacy, post | Phrasal/Prep: leave for, leave behind | Coll: leave a lasting impression | Syn: Depart, Abandon | Ant: Arrive, Stay | Ex: Groundbreaking economic publications leave a lasting impression on macroeconomic policy debates.

Undertake [Verb]

Türkçe: Üstlenmek / Girişmek / Taahhüt etmek | Adv: successfully, boldly, systematically | Noun: task, project, research | Phrasal/Prep: undertake to | Coll: undertake extensive research | Syn: Embark on, Assume | Ant: Neglect, Forgo | Ex: Graduate scholars must undertake extensive research before submitting their final doctoral dissertations.

Interpret [Verb]

Türkçe: Yorumlamak / Tercüme etmek / Manalandırmak | Adv: correctly, cautiously, broadly | Noun: data, findings, laws | Phrasal/Prep: interpret as | Coll: interpret empirical data | Syn: Construe, Decipher | Ant: Misinterpret, Distort | Ex: Econometricians must cautiously interpret empirical data to avoid drawing misleading correlation claims.

Translate [Verb]

Türkçe: Çevirmek / Tercüme etmek / Dönüştürmek | Adv: accurately, literally, directly | Noun: text, theory, policy | Phrasal/Prep: translate into, translate from | Coll: translate into practical policy | Syn: Render, Transpose | Ant: Misconstrue | Ex: Academic research findings must translate into practical policy to benefit wider civil society.

Inventor [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Mucit / İcat eden kimse | Adj: prolific, ingenious, visionary | Verb: patent, innovate, inspire | Coll: prolific inventor | Syn: Innovator, Originator | Ant: Imitator, Follower | Ex: Thomas Edison is celebrated in history textbooks as an exceptionally prolific industrial inventor.

Erect [Verb]

Türkçe: Dikmek / İnşa etmek / Kurmak | Adv: rapidly, structurally, firmly | Noun: monument, barrier, structure | Phrasal/Prep: erect on | Coll: erect a monument | Syn: Construct, Build | Ant: Demolish, Dismantle | Ex: The municipal government decided to erect a monument commemorating public healthcare workers.

Construct [Verb]

Türkçe: İnşa etmek / Yapmak / Kurmak (Teori) | Adv: solidly, methodically, systematically | Noun: framework, facility, argument | Phrasal/Prep: construct from | Coll: construct a solid argument | Syn: Build, Fabricate | Ant: Demolish, Destroy | Ex: In academic writing, researchers must construct a solid argument supported by peer-reviewed evidence.

Build [Verb]

Türkçe: İnşa etmek / Geliştirmek / Kurmak | Adv: gradually, sustainably, firmly | Noun: consensus, infrastructure, trust | Phrasal/Prep: build on, build upon | Coll: build mutual trust | Syn: Establish, Erect | Ant: Dismantle, Ruin | Ex: Successful international diplomacy requires delegates to build mutual trust before signing treaties.

Domestic [Adj]

Türkçe: Yerli / Ülke içi / Evcil / Ailevi | Adv: purely, strictly | Noun/Prep: domestic market, domestic affairs | Coll: domestic market stability | Syn: Internal, Indigenous | Ant: Foreign, International | Ex: Central banks implement interest interventions to ensure domestic market stability during inflation.

Diverge [Verb]

Türkçe: Farklılaşmak / Sapmak / Ayrılmak | Adv: sharply, significantly, gradually | Noun: paths, opinions, data | Phrasal/Prep: diverge from | Coll: sharply diverge from | Syn: Deviate, Branch off | Ant: Converge, Align | Ex: Modern econometric forecasts sharply diverge from earlier historical projections regarding inflation.

Lay down [Verb Phrase]

Türkçe: Belirlemek / Yürürlüğe koymak / Bırakmak | Adv: strictly, clearly, formally | Noun: rules, principles, arms | Phrasal/Prep: lay down for | Coll: lay down clear rules | Syn: Establish, Prescribe | Ant: Repeal, Abolish | Ex: University academic integrity boards lay down clear rules regarding proper bibliography citations.

Sophistication [Noun - U]

Türkçe: Gelişmişlik / İleri düzeylik / Sofistike oluş | Adj: technical, intellectual, growing | Verb: demand, display, lack | Coll: technical sophistication | Syn: Complexity, Refinement | Ant: Simplicity, Crudity | Ex: Modern algorithmic models operate with a level of technical sophistication unmatched in past decades.

Be in favor of [Verb Phrase]

Türkçe: -den yana olmak / Desteklemek | Adv: strongly, overwhelmingly, firmly | Noun: reform, policy, candidate | Phrasal/Prep: be in favor of | Coll: overwhelmingly in favor of | Syn: Support, Advocate | Ant: Oppose, Disapprove | Ex: The parliamentary committee is overwhelmingly in favor of expanding renewable energy subsidies.

Favored [Adj]

Türkçe: Tercih edilen / Gözde / Ayricalıklı | Adv: highly, widely, traditionally | Noun/Prep: favored candidate, favored destination | Coll: highly favored destination | Syn: Preferred, Privileged | Ant: Disfavored, Shunned | Ex: The coastal resort town remains a highly favored destination for seasonal international tourism.

Primarily [Adv]

Türkçe: Öncelikli olarak / Esasen / Başlıca | Verb: focus, rely, target | Collocations: focus primarily on, rely primarily upon | Syn: Chiefly, Principally | Ant: Secondarily, Marginally | Ex: The preparatory language curriculum focuses primarily on mastering formal essay argumentation.

Mainly [Adv]

Türkçe: Çoğunlukla / Esas itibarıyla | Verb: consist, drive, compose | Collocations: consist mainly of, driven mainly by | Syn: Largely, Predominantly | Ant: Partially, Slightly | Ex: The domestic agricultural export revenue is driven mainly by Mediterranean citrus crops.

Wealth [Noun - U]

Türkçe: Varlık / Zenginlik / Servet | Adj: vast, accumulated, mineral | Verb: generate, accumulate, distribute | Coll: accumulate vast wealth | Syn: Riches, Prosperity | Ant: Poverty, Destitution | Ex: Natural gas exports allowed the coastal peninsula to accumulate vast wealth within a few decades.

Prosperity [Noun - U]

Türkçe: Refah / Gönenç / Bolluk | Adj: economic, long-term, shared | Verb: foster, achieve, undermine | Coll: foster long-term prosperity | Syn: Affluence, Well-being | Ant: Adversity, Poverty | Ex: Transparent institutional governance is critical to foster long-term economic prosperity nationwide.

Wealthy [Adj]

Türkçe: Varlıklı / Zengin | Adv: exceptionally, extremely, immensely | Noun/Prep: wealthy investors, wealthy elite | Coll: exceptionally wealthy individuals | Syn: Affluent, Prosperous | Ant: Impoverished, Destitute | Ex: The capital city attracts exceptionally wealthy investors seeking secure real estate holdings.

Astonishing [Adj]

Türkçe: Hayrete düşüren / Şaşırtıcı | Adv: truly, utterly, remarkably | Noun/Prep: astonishing speed, astonishing discovery | Coll: astonishing discovery | Syn: Astounding, Staggering | Ant: Ordinary, Unremarkable | Ex: Deep sea submersibles made an astonishing discovery of thermal vent ecosystems.

Amazing [Adj]

Türkçe: Şaşırtıcı / Harika / Hayranlık uyandıran | Adv: truly, genuinely, absolutely | Noun/Prep: amazing resilience, amazing feat | Coll: amazing resilience | Syn: Extraordinary, Remarkable | Ant: Mediocre, Mundane | Ex: Small commercial retailers demonstrated amazing resilience during severe financial downturns.

Surprising [Adj]

Türkçe: Şaşırtıcı / Beklenmedik | Adv: hardly, somewhat, utterly | Noun/Prep: surprising outcome, surprising turn | Coll: hardly surprising outcome | Syn: Unexpected, Startling | Ant: Foreseeable, Predictable | Ex: Given the lack of study preparation, the low examination score was a hardly surprising outcome.

Durable [Adj]

Türkçe: Dayanıklı / Uzun ömürlü / Sağlam | Adv: highly, exceptionally, remarkably | Noun/Prep: durable goods, durable materials | Coll: durable consumer goods | Syn: Sturdy, Enduring | Ant: Fragile, Perishable | Ex: Industrial engineers select high-grade titanium alloys to manufacture durable consumer goods.

Adjacent [Adj]

Türkçe: Bitişik / Yan yana / Komşu | Adv: directly, immediately | Noun/Prep: adjacent to, adjacent property | Coll: immediately adjacent to | Syn: Adjoining, Contiguous | Ant: Remote, Detached | Ex: The newly constructed academic laboratory is situated immediately adjacent to the library.

Dwell [Verb]

Türkçe: İkamet etmek / Yaşamak / Üzerinde durmak | Adv: permanently, continuously, temporarily | Noun: population, tribe, mind | Phrasal/Prep: dwell in, dwell on | Coll: dwell permanently in | Syn: Reside, Inhabit | Ant: Wander, Vacate | Ex: Nomadic pastoralists rarely dwell permanently in one geographical region during winter.

Dwelling [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Konut / Mesken / Ev | Adj: temporary, modest, residential | Verb: occupy, construct, abandon | Coll: modest residential dwelling | Syn: Residence, Abode | Ant: - | Ex: Archaeological digs uncovered remnants of a modest residential dwelling dating back to the Bronze Age.

Dweller [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Sakin / Oturan kişi | Adj: city, cave, urban | Verb: accommodate, protect, relocate | Coll: urban city dweller | Syn: Inhabitant, Resident | Ant: Outsider, Transient | Ex: Access to public green parks is essential for the physical health of every urban city dweller.

Reside [Verb]

Türkçe: İkamet etmek / Yaşamak / Bulunmak | Adv: permanently, legally, temporarily | Noun: population, family, citizens | Phrasal/Prep: reside in, reside at | Coll: legally reside in | Syn: Dwell, Inhabit | Ant: Emigrate, Depart | Ex: Qualified international researchers are granted permits to legally reside in the university district.

Resident [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Mahalle sakini / Mukim | Adj: permanent, local, registered | Verb: notify, evacuate, consult | Coll: local registered resident | Syn: Inhabitant, Citizen | Ant: Non-resident, Tourist | Ex: Municipal councils are required to consult with every local registered resident on zoning changes.

Residence [Noun - C/U]

Türkçe: Konut / İkametgah / Yerleşim | Adj: official, permanent, private | Verb: establish, occupy, maintain | Coll: official private residence | Syn: Domicile, Habitation | Ant: - | Ex: The diplomatic ambassador established an official private residence near the embassy complex.

Inhabit [Verb]

Türkçe: Yaşamak / Mesken tutmak / Yerleşmek | Adv: densely, sparsely, continuously | Noun: region, island, wilderness | Phrasal/Prep: inhabit by | Coll: sparsely inhabit the region | Syn: Populate, Occupy | Ant: Vacate, Abandon | Ex: Rare indigenous bird species sparsely inhabit the region surrounding high alpine lakes.

Inhabitant [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Sakin / Yaşayan kimse | Adj: native, local, early | Verb: displace, count, protect | Coll: native local inhabitant | Syn: Dweller, Resident | Ant: Visitor, Alien | Ex: The construction of the hydroelectric reservoir displaced many a native local inhabitant.

Habitat [Noun - C/U]

Türkçe: Doğal yaşam alanı / Habitat | Adj: natural, pristine, endangered | Verb: preserve, destroy, fragment | Coll: preserve natural habitat | Syn: Biome, Natural territory | Ant: Unnatural captivity | Ex: Strict environmental reserves are created to preserve the natural habitat of endangered predators.

Live [Verb]

Türkçe: Yaşamak / İkamet etmek / Hayat sürmek | Adv: sustainably, comfortably, independently | Noun: life, population | Phrasal/Prep: live in, live on | Coll: live comfortably on | Syn: Reside, Subsist | Ant: Perish, Decease | Ex: Economic subsidies allow low-income families to live comfortably during severe inflation.

Predecessor [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Selef / Önceki model / Öncül | Adj: direct, immediate, distinguished | Verb: succeed, replace, surpass | Coll: direct predecessor | Syn: Forerunner, Precursor | Ant: Successor, Descendant | Ex: The newly installed computing unit processes datasets twice as fast as its direct predecessor.

Ancestor [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Ata / Soy / Cet | Adj: common, distant, prehistoric | Verb: trace, inherit from, honor | Coll: trace common ancestors | Syn: Forefather, Progenitor | Ant: Descendant, Offspring | Ex: Genetic sequencing allows evolutionary biologists to trace common ancestors of modern mammals.

Forerunner [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Öncü / Habercisi / Müjdeci | Adj: direct, historical, early | Verb: act as, consider, identify | Coll: historical forerunner | Syn: Precursor, Harbinger | Ant: Result, Aftermath | Ex: The steam-powered locomotive was the historical forerunner of modern electrified rapid transit.

Replace [Verb]

Türkçe: Yerini almak / Değiştirmek / İkame etmek | Adv: gradually, completely, systematically | Noun: components, workers, currency | Phrasal/Prep: replace with, replace by | Coll: replace with modern alternatives | Syn: Substitute, Supersede | Ant: Retain, Preserve | Ex: Industrial automation projects aim to replace manual procedures with modern digital alternatives.

Feature [Noun - C]

Türkçe: Özellik / Nitelik / Unsur | Adj: prominent, distinctive, key | Verb: highlight, exhibit, introduce | Coll: prominent distinctive feature | Syn: Characteristic, Attribute | Ant: - | Ex: The inclusion of an energy-efficient solar roof was a prominent feature of the architectural design.

Property [Noun - C/U]

Türkçe: Özellik / Mülk / Emlak | Adj: physical, chemical, commercial | Verb: possess, acquire, inspect | Coll: physical chemical properties | Syn: Trait, Real estate | Ant: - | Ex: Materials scientists analyze the physical chemical properties of new composites before manufacturing.