Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Cardiac Output

Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

Preload

Volume of blood in ventricles before contraction.

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood ejected by the heart per beat.

Afterload

Resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.

Vagus Nerve

Part of the autonomic nervous system, reduces heart rate.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Increases heart rate and contractility during exercise.

Epinephrine

Hormone that enhances cardiac output and blood flow.

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Vasodilator released to increase blood flow.

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow.

Mean Arterial Pressure

Average blood pressure in a person's arteries.

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Overall resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system.

Mechanical Tension Receptors

Sensors that detect stretch in muscle during exercise.

Metaboreceptors

Receptors sensitive to metabolic changes in muscles.

End-Diastolic Volume

Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole.

End-Systolic Volume

Volume of blood remaining in ventricles after contraction.

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Mechanism aiding venous return during muscle contraction.

Blood Flow Distribution

Redistribution of blood to active muscles during exercise.

Cardiovascular Control Centre

Brain region regulating heart and blood vessel activity.

Anticipatory Response

Physiological adjustments made before exercise begins.

Incremental Exercise

Gradually increasing exercise intensity or workload.

Local Factors

Substances like metabolites that influence blood vessel behavior.

Exercise Onset

Initial phase of physical activity triggering cardiovascular changes.

Cardiovascular Regulation

Mechanisms controlling heart and blood vessel function.