chapter 7

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 18th century emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights over tradition and religion.

Gravity

A natural phenomenon by which all things with mass are brought toward one another, discovered during the Enlightenment.

Articles of Confederation

The first governing document of the United States, created during the American Revolution, which established a weak national government.

Shay’s Rebellion

An armed uprising in 1786-1787 by farmers in western Massachusetts protesting economic injustices and the lack of government response.

Virginia Plan

A proposal at the Constitutional Convention for a two-house legislature with representation based on population.

New Jersey Plan

A counterproposal to the Virginia Plan calling for a one-house legislature with equal representation for every state.

Connecticut Compromise

An agreement during the Constitutional Convention establishing a two-house legislature with proportional representation in the lower house and equal representation in the upper house.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution who advocated for a strong central government.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong central government and demanded a Bill of Rights.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights and freedoms.

Elastic Clause

A provision in the Constitution allowing Congress to pass laws necessary to carry out its enumerated powers, enabling flexibility and adaptability.

Living Document

Refers to the Constitution as it is subject to interpretation and amendment over time to meet the needs of society.