HISTORY unit 2

Motivations for Exploration

Valuables, spreading christianity and expanding empire.

Economic Factors

The desire for new trade routes to acquire spices, gold, and increase national wealth.

Political Factors

The ambition to extend national power and territorial claims through exploration.

Religious Factors

Efforts to spread Christianity and counter Islam in newly contacted regions.

Navigation Tools

Innovations like the astrolabe and compass that aided sea exploration.

Caravel

A ship designed for long voyages, improving ocean travel capabilities.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer whose 1492 journey to the Americas spurred global colonization.

Vasco da Gama

First to reach India by sea in 1498, opening direct trade routes.

Ferdinand Magellan

Led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, expanding geographical knowledge.

Cultural Disruption

Imposition of European customs and governance on indigenous cultures.

Disease Transmission

Spread of diseases like smallpox by Europeans, devastating native populations.

Encomienda System

A labor system exploiting indigenous peoples under the guise of protection.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of crops and goods between the Americas and the Old World.

Martin Luther's 95 Theses

Challenge to Catholic practices sparking the Protestant Reformation.

John Calvin and Predestination

Established Calvinism, emphasizing divine predestination in religious thought.

Council of Trent

Meetings clarifying Catholic doctrines and reforming clerical practices.

Jesuit Order

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, focused on education and missionary work.

French Wars of Religion

Conflict between Catholics and Huguenots, marked by the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Spanish Armada (1588)

Failed invasion of England marking decline in Spanish naval dominance.

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

Devastating conflict leading to the Peace of Westphalia and reshaping Europe.

Rise of Nation-States

Centralization of power under monarchs, diminishing feudalism.

Louis XIV of France

'Sun King' exemplifying absolute monarchy and central control.

English Civil War

Political struggle revealing the emerging power of parliamentary authority.

Mercantilism

Economic theory promoting trade regulation to maximize national wealth.

Colonial Expansion

Establishment of overseas colonies for economic gain and resource acquisition.

Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches.

Indulgences

Certificates sold by the Catholic Church that promised to reduce time in sin for the buyer or their loved ones. Criticized by reformers like Luther.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the church and countering Protestantism.

Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius Loyola, focused on education, missionary work, and promoting Catholic teachings.

Council of Trent

Convened between 1545 and 1563 to address issues raised by the Reformation, reaffirm Catholic doctrine, and implement reforms within the church.

Diet of Worms

A council held in 1521 where Martin Luther refused to recant his teachings, solidifying his position as a leader of the Reformation.

Peace of Augsburg

Signed in 1555, allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire.

Defenestration of Prague

The act of throwing Catholic officials out of a window in 1618, igniting the Thirty Years' War.

Thirty Years’ War

A devastating conflict from 1618 to 1648 primarily fought over religious disputes between Catholics and Protestants.

Spanish Armada

A failed naval invasion of England in 1588 that marked the decline of Spanish naval dominance.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by Calvinism, faced severe persecution in Catholic France.

Edict of Nantes

Issued in 1598 by Henry IV of France, granting Huguenots substantial rights and freedoms.

John Hus

A Czech theologian and reformer who criticized the Catholic Church's practices and was burned at the stake.

Martin Luther

A German monk whose 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation, emphasizing salvation by faith alone.

John Calvin

A French theologian known for his doctrine of predestination and the establishment of a theocratic government in Geneva.

Henry VIII

King of England who broke from the Catholic Church to form the Church of England.

Philip II

King of Spain sought to reestablish Catholicism in Europe and was a key figure in the Counter-Reformation.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England who established Protestantism and defeated the Spanish Armada.

Mary I

Queen of England known for her attempt to restore Catholicism and her persecution of Protestants.

Catherine de Medici

Queen of France and influential figure during the French Wars of Religion.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation who convened the Diet of Worms and faced challenges from Protestant reformers.

Ulrich Zwingli

A Swiss reformer who led the Protestant movement in Switzerland, differing from Luther on the Eucharist.

Anabaptists

A radical Protestant sect that advocated for adult baptism and separation from state influence.

Henry IV

King of France who issued the Edict of Nantes, granting rights to Huguenots.