Anatomy Lecture Introductory Flashcards

Define Anatomy and give examples

• It is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another

  • Gross anatomy —> macroscopic structures of the body that can be seen without microscope

  • Microscopic (histology) —> tissue and under microscope things

Define Physiology

• The study of function of the body

  • It also integrates principles from other sciences (biology, chemistry, physics, anatomy)

What is the principle of Complementarity?

That structure determines function

There are 6 structures of organization, what are they?

1. Chemical level

2. Cellular level

3. Tissue level

4. Organ level

5. Organ system level

6. Organismal level

Chemical (molecular) Level is one of the 6 structural levels of organization, explain it.

Atoms combine to form molecules

Cellular Level is one of the 6 structural levels of organization, explain it.

Cells are made up of molecules

Tissue Level is one of the 6 structural levels of organization, explain it.

Tissues consist of similar types of cells

Organ Level is one of the 6 structural levels of organization, explain it.

Organs are made up of different types of tissues

Organ System Level is one of the 6 structural levels of organization, explain it.

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organismal Level is one of the 6 structural levels of organization, explain it.

The human organism is made up of many organ systems

Lysosome

break down excess or worn-out cell parts, destroy invading viruses and bacteria, and help damaged cells self-destruct through apoptosis

Centrioles

they help organize microtubules

• tube shaped

Peroxisomes

break down fatty acids, help detoxify harmful substances, and regulate hydrogen peroxide

What elements make up the cytoskeleton?

• microtubules

• intermediate filaments

What are the 4 basic tissues?

1. Nervous Tissue

2. Muscle Tissue

3. Epithelial Tissue

4. Connective Tissue

Explain the function of Nervous Tissues and organs involved.

Internal Communication

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

• Nerves

Explain the function of Muscle Tissues and organs involved.

Contracts to cause movement

• Muscles attached to bones (skeletal)

• Muscles attached heart (cardiac)

• Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

Explain the function of Epithelial Tissues and organs involved.

Form boundaries between different environments to protect, secret, absorb and filter

• Skin surface (epidermis)

• Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs

Explain the function of Connective Tissues and organs involved.

Support, protect, and binds other tissues together

• Bones

• Tendons

• Fat and other soft padding tissue

At the organ level, when 2+ different tissues group together what happens to the function?

It becomes more specific

Examples of interrelationships among body organ systems

What is Homeostasis? Examples?

The condition where the body’s internal environment is maintained within psychological limits —> boundaries necessary for survival

• Optimum concentrations, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature

What disturbs homeostasis?

Stress

What is required to occur to return to homeostasis? Example?

Compensation (feedback)

• Nervous and Endocrine systems —> major regulators

Define compensation (feedback)

Compensation means the body makes a corrective response to a change (stress) in order to bring the internal environment back toward normal

• usually through negative feedback

  • Body gets too hot → sweating → heat is lost → body temperature goes back toward normal

What are the 3 components of homeostasis?

1. Receptor

2. Effector

3. Control center

Function of Receptor?

Monitors the environment and responds to changes

Function of control center

Evaluates input provided from the receptor and generates an output

Function of Effector

Receives output and responds

Negative Feedback

Negates the original stimulus (most)

• The output is fed back in a way that reduces fluctuations and structures the system —> improve stability

• counteracts/opposes the change

  • doesn’t like change

Positive Feedback

Enhances the original stimulus (few; Pathology)

• amplifies the change, not reverse it

• The output system amplifies/enhances the initial change (stimulus), increasing the effect

• Feedback stops after body is successful with task

What is an example of Negative Feedback?

Regulation of Body Temperature

One example of positive feedback is Homeostasis (prevention of blood loss), explain.

Another example of Positive Feedback is Childbirth (expulsion of fetus), explain.

Efferent Pathways

A neural pathway that carries signals away from the central nervous system to effectors, such as muscles or glands, facilitating responses or actions

• Control Center —> Effector

Afferent Pathways

The route taken by afferent neurons, which carry sensory information from sensory receptors in the body to the central nervous system

• Receptor —> Control Center