Hemophilus and Actinobacillus

porphyrins or nicotinamide as X factor, adenine dinuleotide (NAP, NADP)

Hemophilus organism requires one or both of two growth factors, ________________ and ___________ as V factor

• H. parasuis

• H. paragallinarum

• H. somnus

• H. agni

species of Hemophilus associated with animal infections

• Gram-negative tiny rods that form longer filaments

• non-spore forming, non-motile aerobic but some are facultative anaerobes

• some forms are pleomorphic, capsulated and piliated

• capsules are composed of polysaccharides

Morphology, staining feature and cellular composition of Hemophilus

plain or glycerol

Hemophilus do not grow in __________ or ________ containing agar

hemin, NAD, chocolate

hemophilus growth is enhanced by ________ and ________ and ________

false - it is turbid

Hemophilus is not turbid in broth (true/false)

luxuriantly, cross-streaked (satellism)

Hemophilius grows _______ when a feeder bacterium is ______ with the organism

• respiratory tract (sick/carrier animals)

• nasophrynx (pig)

• genital tracts (cattle and sheep)

reservoir of hemophilus

airborne and direct contact

transmission of hemophilus

1. bronchopneumonia

2. glasser’s disease (swine influenza of swine)

3. coryza in chickens

4. Thrombotic meningo-encephalitis of cattle

5. Respiratory, mammary, epididymitis and septicemias in sheep

Diseases associated with Hemophilus species

• secondary to viral infections (swine influenza) and other bacterial infections caused by Pasteurella and Mycoplasma spp.

• marked by sero-fibrinous to fibrino-purulent secretions in the lungs, body cavities and joints

Clinical signs and findings of bronchoplenumonia in animals

H. parasuis

1. common among young weaned pigs raised in stressful conditions

2. bronchopneumonia secondary to bacterial and viral infections

Etiologic agent and clinical signs of Glasser’s Disease

H. paragallinariul

1. Catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

Etiologic Agent and clinical signs of Coryza in chickens

H. somnus

1. marked by septicemia, meningoencephalitis and motor and behavioral abnormalities

Etiologic Agent and clinical signs of Thrombotic meningo-encephalitis of cattle

H. somnus and H. agni

Etiologic Agents of Respiratory, mammary, epididymitis and septicemias in sheep

• capsular polysaccharides (antiphgocytic-functions)

• heat-labile cytotoxins

• outer membrane proteins (bind transferin-iron complexes)

• Lipopolysaccharides (initiate release of cytokines IL1 and TNF from macrophages)

• endotoxin

• adherence to epithelium, endothelium and immunoglobulins

• resistance to killing by complement proteins and phagocyte killing

Virulence factors of hemophilus

Nasal secretions, infected tissues or fluids

samples need in laboratory diagnosis of hemophilus infection

chocolate agar

what is the preferred culture media of hemophilus

• bacterial isolation and cultivation (media that contains substances that provide the X and V factors)

• porphyrin test (determines X factor)

• serology (agglutination, hemagglutination-inhibition tests)

agent identification of hemophilus

1. penicillin

2. tetracycline

3. ceftiofur

4. tilmicosin

Treatment of Hemophilus infection

1. Immunization of animals at risk

2. elimination of carriers

3. depopulation of infected flocks

Prevention and control of Hemophilus infection

actinobacillus

this microorganism is agents of local and septicemic infections of animals

mucus membranes

Actinobacillus is commensals of _______

opportunistic pathogen

Actinobacillus is an _______ when integrity of the host’s defenses is compromised

• A. lignieresii

• A. equuli

• A. suis

• A. capsulatus

• A. salpingitis

• A. seminis

• A. plueropneumonia

species of Actinobacillus associated with animal infections

• gram-negative coccobacilli

• capsulated (A. pleuropneumonia) and non-capsulated forms are present

• some are piliated

• contains LPS with adhesive properties to tracheal epithelia

• some produce outer membrane protein that binds transferrin-iron complexes

• Produse periplasmic iron-binding protein (AfuA/actinoferric uptake)

• form aggregates or clumps in small cheese-like grayish white sulfur granules

Morphology, staining features and cellular composition

• require blood and serum

• hemolytic forms exist

• carbohydrate fermenters (no gas production)

• reduce nitrates to nitrites

• produce urease, ortho-nitro-phenyl-beta-D-galacto-pyranosidase and nitrite

Growth Characteristics of Hemophilus

sick and carrier animals

Reservoir of Infection of Actinobacillus

endogenous infections

Transmission of Actnobacillus

• pyo-granuloma of ruminants (wooden tongue)

• porcine pleuropneumonia (respiratory septicemia in swine)

• Arthritis of rabbits

• Salpingitis and peritonitis of chicken

• Navel ill/umbilical infection of newborn foals

• epididymitis in rams

Diseases associated with Actinobacillus species

A. lignieresii

1. chronic granulomatous infections in bovine tongue

2. colonies of A. lignieresii produce grayish white sulfur granules

3. abrasions and wounds penetrate the buccal mucosa result to formation of abscesses and tumors in the region of the lower jaw

4. pyogranulomatous lesions in soft tissues (neck)

etiologic agent and clinical signs of pyo-granuloma in ruminants (wooden tongue)

A. pleuropneumonia

1. pleuropneumonia in 2 to 6 months old pigs

2. swollen joints

3. cough

etiologic agent and clinical signs of porcine pleuropneumonia (respiratory septicemia in swine)

1. A. capsulatus

2. A. salpingitis

3. A. equuli

4. A. seminis

provide the etiologic agents of diseases below

1. arthritis of rabbits

2. salpingitis and peritonitis of chickens

3. navel ill/umbilical infection of newborn foals

4. epidymitis in rams

1. adherence to ciliated and alveolar epithelia

2. capsule with antiphagocytic function

3. RTX-type hemolysins (ApxI, ApxII, Apx III pleurotoxin) that kill macrophages and neutrophils

4. Pili-mediated adherence to alveolar epithelium

5. Lipopolysaccharides (induce inflammatory response and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines ILI and TNF)

6. Outer membrane proteins (bind transferrin-iron complexes)

Virulence factors of Actinobacillus

pus, tissue samples, tracheal exudates, necrotic organs, abscesses from infected regions

Samples used in laboratory diagnosis of Actinobacillus infections

1. bacterial isolation and identification

2. gram staining

3. PCR using recommended primers for Actinobacillus

Agent identification of Actinobacillus organism

Blood agar under high amount of CO2

Preferred Media of Actinobacillus

1. gentamycin

2. cephalosporins

3. ceftiofur

4. kanamycin

5. trimethoprim-sulfa combination

6. Oral administration of iodides for wooden tongue

treatment of actinobacillus infection

1. elimination of infected animals

2. mass medication to eradicate infection

3. avoiding harsh dry feed

4. navel disinfection

Prevention and control of actinobacillus infections