APUSH FINAL

Bering Land Bridge

A land route from Asia to North America that early humans crossed.

Maize Cultivation

Growing corn; key to Native American societies.

Pueblo, Chinook, Iroquois

Native tribes with complex societies and economies.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, diseases between Old and New Worlds.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who arrived in the Americas in 1492.

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system exploiting Native Americans.

Conquistadors

Spanish conquerors of Native American civilizations.

Spanish Mission System

Religious settlements to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Casta System

Racial hierarchy in Spanish colonies.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spanish priest who opposed Native American mistreatment.

Jamestown

First permanent English colony (1607).

House of Burgesses

First elected legislative body in colonies.

Mayflower Compact

Early form of colonial self-government.

Plymouth Colony

Settled by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritan colony for religious reformers.

Puritans / John Winthrop

Wanted to purify Church of England; 'City upon a Hill.'

Anne Hutchinson / Roger Williams

Challenged Puritan leadership; founded Rhode Island.

Pequot War

Conflict between New England settlers and Native Americans.

Maryland Act of Toleration

Allowed religious freedom for Christians.

Navigation Acts

British laws controlling colonial trade.

King Philip's War

Last major Native resistance in New England.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Uprising of poor farmers against Virginia elites.

Dominion of New England

Attempt to control colonies under one rule.

Salem Witch Trials

Mass hysteria and accusations of witchcraft.

First Great Awakening

Religious revival movement.

John Locke / Enlightenment

Promoted reason, rights, and government by consent.

Mercantilism

Economic system: colonies serve mother country.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of loosely enforcing laws in colonies.

French and Indian War

Britain vs. France in North America; led to taxes.

Proclamation of 1763

Banned colonists from settling west of Appalachians.

Stamp Act

Tax on printed materials; angered colonists.

Sons of Liberty

Group resisting British policies.

Declaratory Act

Britain asserted control over colonies.

Townshend Acts

Taxes on goods like paper, glass.

Boston Massacre

British soldiers killed colonial protesters.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against Tea Act.

Intolerable Acts

Punishment for Tea Party; restricted rights.

First Continental Congress

Delegates met to oppose British policies.

Lexington and Concord

First battles of Revolution.

Second Continental Congress

Managed war; adopted Declaration.

Common Sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine urging independence.

Declaration of Independence

Official break from Britain (1776).

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point; led to French alliance.

Articles of Confederation

Weak first U.S. government.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended Revolutionary War.

Shay’s Rebellion

Protest of economic hardship; exposed weak government.

Constitutional Convention

Created stronger U.S. government.

Federalist Papers

Essays supporting Constitution.

Constitution Ratified

Became official U.S. law (1788).

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments guaranteeing freedoms.

Whiskey Rebellion

Protest against whiskey tax; government showed strength.

Washington’s Farewell Address

Warned against parties, foreign alliances.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Limited free speech, targeted immigrants.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Declared states could nullify laws.

Election of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power to Jefferson.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled U.S. size; bought from France.

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review.

Embargo Act

Banned U.S. trade; hurt economy.

War of 1812

Conflict with Britain; boosted nationalism.

Hartford Convention

Federalist opposition to war; ended party.

Era of Good Feelings

One-party unity post-War of 1812.

Missouri Compromise

Balanced free/slave states.

Monroe Doctrine

Warned Europe to stay out of Americas.

Market Revolution

Economic changes: factories, railroads, telegraphs.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival; sparked reforms.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement for individualism.

Temperance Movement

Effort to ban alcohol.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery.

Seneca Falls Convention

Beginning of women’s rights movement.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in U.S. expansion westward.

Mexican-American War

U.S. gained Southwest lands.

Wilmot Proviso

Tried to ban slavery in new lands.

Compromise of 1850

Included Fugitive Slave Act.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Popular sovereignty led to violence.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Ruled slaves were property.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Discussed slavery extension.

Election of 1860

Lincoln’s win led to secession.

Civil War

North vs. South over slavery and union.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in rebel states.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln redefined war’s purpose.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery.

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all born in U.S.

15th Amendment

Voting rights regardless of race.

Reconstruction Acts

Military enforcement of new rights.

Black Codes / Jim Crow

Laws limiting Black freedoms.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction.

Transcontinental Railroad

Connected east and west coasts.

Robber Barons

Wealthy industrialists like Carnegie, Rockefeller.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie's idea to give back.

Social Darwinism

Applied evolution to society/economy.

Labor Unions / Strikes

Workers fought for better conditions.

Populist Party

Farmers’ political movement.

Immigration Boom

Many from Southern/Eastern Europe.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned Chinese immigration.

Political Machines

Corrupt urban party organizations.

Settlement Houses

Helped immigrants (e.g., Hull House).

Plessy v. Ferguson

"Separate but equal" legalized.

Spanish-American War

U.S. gained overseas empire.

Open Door Policy

Equal trade access in China.