Ch. 5 - Nutrition, Obesity, & Eating Disorders

Pathophysiology Exam 3

What is obesity?

Excess accumulation of body fat that increases health risks

How is obesity diagnosed?

BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m squared

What BMI is considered overweight?

BMI 25-29.9 kg/m squared

Besides BMI, what measurement helps assess obesity risk?

Waist circumference

What are the major causes of obesity?

Genetics

Excessive calorie intake

Physical inactivity

Hormonal Disorders

Medications

Environmental/psychological

Which endocrine disorders contribute to obesity?

Hypothyroidism

Cushing syndrome

PCOS

Which medications commonly cause weight gain?

Corticosteroids

Antidepressants

Antipsychotics

Name three diseases associated with obesity?

Type 2 diabetes

Hypertension

Coronary artery disease

Which hormone stimulates hunger?

Ghrelin

Where is gherkin produced?

The stomach

When are ghrelin levels highest?

Before meals`

Which hormone promotes satiety?

Leptin

Where is leptin produced?

Adipose (fat) tissue

Which part of the brain regulates hunger and satiety?

The hypothalamus

What is the function of leptin?

It suppresses appetite and promotes energy expenditure

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins

Which vitamin deficiency causes night blindness?

Vitamin A

Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin deficiency causes osteomalacia?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin deficiency causes scurvy?

Vitamin C

Which vitamin deficiency causes pernicious anemia?

Vitamin B12

Which vitamin deficiency causes neural tube defects?

Folate (Vitamin B9)

Which vitamin deficiency causes Wernicke encephalopathy?

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

Vitamin K

Which fat-soluble vitamin can become toxic and cause hypercalcemia?

Vitamin D

Iron deficiency causes what type of anemia?

Microcytic anemia

Calcium deficiency increases the risk of what disease?

Osteoporosis

Potassium deficiency can cause what cardiac complication?

Cardiac arrhythmias

Sodium excess contributes to what disease?

Hypertension

What characterizes anorexia nervosa?

Restriction of food intake

Intense fear of weight gain

Distorted body image

Common signs of anorexia?

Low BMI

Bradycardia

Hypotension

Amenorrhea

Cold intolerance

Dry skin

Common electrolyte imbalance in anorexia?

Hypokalemia

Why do patients with anorexia feel cold?

Loss of body fat decreases insulation

What defines bulimia nervosa?

Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors

What are common compensatory behaviors?

Vomiting

Laxative abuse

Fasting

Excessive exercise

What oral finding is common in bulimia?

Dental enamel erosion

Which salivary glands enlarge in bulimia?

Parotid glands

What electrolyte imbalance commonly occurs in bulimia?

Hypokalemia

What distinguishes binge eating disorder from bulimia?

There are no compensatory (purging) behaviors

What medical condition commonly develops from binge eating disorder?

Obesity

What is the purpose of bariatric surgery?

Long-term weight loss and improvement of obesity-related diseases

Name three common bariatric procedures

Sleeve gastrectomy

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Adjustable gastric band

Which bariatric surgery is restrictive?

Sleeve gastrectomy

Which bariatric surgery is restrictive and malabsorption?

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

What is dumping syndrome?

Rapid emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine, causing nausea, cramping, diarrhea, dizziness, and sweating after meals

Which nutrient deficiencies are common after bariatric surgery?

Vitamin B12

Iron

Calcium

Vitamin D

Why are nutrient deficiencies common after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass?

It bypasses portions of the small intestine where nutrients are normally absorbed